Colored Squares On-Chain

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.17;

import {ERC721A, IERC721A, ERC721AQueryable} from "./extensions/ERC721AQueryable.sol";
import {IERC721} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/IERC721.sol";
import {Strings} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Strings.sol";
import {Ownable} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";
import {IERC2981, ERC2981} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/common/ERC2981.sol";
import {DefaultOperatorFilterer} from "operator-filter-registry/src/DefaultOperatorFilterer.sol";
import "base64-sol/base64.sol";
import "prb-math/contracts/PRBMathUD60x18.sol";

/**
 * @title ColoredSquare
 * @author @coloredsq
 *
 * Attention, colored squares!
 * To all of the scammers, phishers, and rug pullers. Fuck them all.
 */
contract ColoredSquare is
    DefaultOperatorFilterer,
    ERC2981,
    ERC721AQueryable,
    Ownable
{
    using PRBMathUD60x18 for uint256;
    using Strings for uint256;

    struct MintState {
        bool isPublicOpen;
        uint256 liveAt;
        uint256 expiresAt;
        uint256 maxSupply;
        uint256 totalSupply;
        uint256 price;
        uint256 stealPrice;
    }

    uint256 private constant ONE_PERCENT = 10000000000000000; // 1% (18 decimals)

    /// @dev Treasury
    address public treasury =
        payable(0xfDf5aC9597DE3Efa95AC300B8800261b59C5320b);

    /// @dev The total supply of the collection (n-1)
    uint256 public maxSupply = 10193;

    /// @notice ETH mint price
    uint256 public price = 0.005 ether;

    /// @notice ETH steal price
    uint256 public stealPrice = 0.1 ether;

    /// @notice Live timestamp
    uint256 public liveAt = 0;

    /// @notice Expires timestamp
    uint256 public expiresAt = 1713664453;

    /// @notice Public mint
    bool public isPublicOpen = true;

    /// @notice Lookup hex to token id
    mapping(string => uint256) public hexToTokenId;

    /// @notice Lookup token id to hex
    mapping(uint256 => string) public tokenIdToHex;

    /// @notice Token id to stolen amount
    mapping(uint256 => uint256) public tokenIdToStolen;

    constructor() ERC721A("ColoredSquare", "COLOR") {
        _setDefaultRoyalty(treasury, 500);
        _proxies[address(this)] = true;
    }

    function _startTokenId() internal view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return 1;
    }

    // @dev length is 6, a-f or digits from 0-9, e.g, 000000,
    function _isValidHex(string memory value) internal pure returns (bool) {
        bytes memory str = bytes(value);
        if (str.length != 6) return false;
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
            bytes1 char = str[i];
            if (
                !(
                    (((char > 0x60) && (char < 0x67)) ||
                        ((char > 0x29) && (char < 0x40)))
                )
            ) return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    function _toLower(
        string calldata str
    ) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        bytes memory _baseBytes = bytes(str);
        for (uint i = 0; i < _baseBytes.length; i++) {
            if (_baseBytes[i] >= 0x41 && _baseBytes[i] <= 0x5A) {
                _baseBytes[i] = bytes1(uint8(_baseBytes[i]) + 32);
            } else {
                _baseBytes[i] = _baseBytes[i];
            }
        }
        return string(_baseBytes);
    }

    function _toJSONProperty(
        string memory key,
        string memory value
    ) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return string(abi.encodePacked('"', key, '" : "', value, '"'));
    }

    function _toJSONAttribute(
        string memory key,
        string memory value
    ) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return
            string(
                abi.encodePacked(
                    '{ "trait_type":"',
                    key,
                    '", "value": "',
                    value,
                    '"}'
                )
            );
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns a json list of attribute properties
     */
    function _toAttributesProperty(
        string memory _hexColor,
        uint256 _stolenAmount
    ) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        string[] memory attributes = new string[](2);

        attributes[0] = _toJSONAttribute(
            "Color",
            string(abi.encodePacked("#", _hexColor))
        );

        attributes[1] = _toJSONAttribute(
            "Stolen",
            Strings.toString(_stolenAmount)
        );

        bytes memory attributeListBytes = "[";

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < attributes.length; i++) {
            attributeListBytes = abi.encodePacked(
                attributeListBytes,
                attributes[i],
                i != attributes.length - 1 ? "," : "]"
            );
        }

        return string(attributeListBytes);
    }

    function _generateSquare(
        string memory _hexColor,
        uint256 _stolenAmount
    ) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return
            string(
                abi.encodePacked(
                    "data:image/svg+xml;base64,",
                    Base64.encode(
                        bytes(
                            abi.encodePacked(
                                '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>',
                                '<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 2000 2000">',
                                '<path d="M0 0h2000v2000H0z" fill="#',
                                _hexColor,
                                '" />',
                                '<text x="1900" y="1925" style="font-family:monospace;font-size:32px;color:',
                                _hexColor, // stolen count :)
                                '">x',
                                Strings.toString(_stolenAmount),
                                "</text>",
                                "</svg>"
                            )
                        )
                    )
                )
            );
    }

    /**
     * @notice Pay to steal a color from someone else, the person who got stolen from gets steal price
     * @param _hexColor to steal
     */
    function steal(string calldata _hexColor) external payable {
        string memory normalizedColor = _toLower(_hexColor);
        uint256 tokenId = hexToTokenId[normalizedColor];
        require(tokenId > 0, "!minted");
        require(
            msg.value >= tokenIdToStolen[tokenId] + 1 * stealPrice,
            "!funds"
        );
        address prevOwner = ownerOf(tokenId);
        tokenIdToStolen[tokenId]++;
        super.stealIt(_msgSenderERC721A(), tokenId);
        // Send 90% of steal price funds to prev owner
        (bool s1, ) = payable(prevOwner).call{
            value: stealPrice.mul(ONE_PERCENT * 90)
        }("");
        require(s1, "Payment failed");
    }

    /**************************************************************************
     * Minting
     *************************************************************************/

    /**
     * @notice Public mint function - only 1 at a time but no max
     * @param _hex The color to mint
     */
    function mint(string calldata _hex) external payable {
        require(isLive() && isPublicOpen, "!active");
        require(totalSupply() + 1 < maxSupply, "!mint");
        require(msg.value >= price, "!funds");
        string memory normalizedColor = _toLower(_hex);
        require(hexToTokenId[normalizedColor] == 0, "!hex");
        require(_isValidHex(normalizedColor), "!valid");
        uint256 nextId = _nextTokenId();
        hexToTokenId[normalizedColor] = nextId;
        tokenIdToHex[nextId] = normalizedColor;
        _mint(_msgSenderERC721A(), 1);
    }

    /// @dev Check if mint is live
    function isLive() public view returns (bool) {
        return block.timestamp >= liveAt && block.timestamp <= expiresAt;
    }

    /// @notice Returns current mint state for a particular address
    function getMintState() external view returns (MintState memory) {
        return
            MintState({
                isPublicOpen: isPublicOpen,
                liveAt: liveAt,
                expiresAt: expiresAt,
                maxSupply: maxSupply,
                totalSupply: totalSupply(),
                price: price,
                stealPrice: stealPrice
            });
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns how many times a color has been stolen by hex color
     * @param _hexColor The hex color
     */
    function getStolenAmountByColor(
        string calldata _hexColor
    ) external view returns (uint256) {
        string memory normalizedColor = _toLower(_hexColor);
        uint256 tokenId = hexToTokenId[normalizedColor];
        return tokenIdToStolen[tokenId];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns how many times a color has been stolen
     * @param _tokenId The token id
     */
    function getStolenAmount(uint256 _tokenId) external view returns (uint256) {
        require(_exists(_tokenId), "!exists");
        return tokenIdToStolen[_tokenId];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns a base64 json metadata
     * @param _tokenId The bear token id
     */
    function tokenURI(
        uint256 _tokenId
    ) public view override(ERC721A, IERC721A) returns (string memory) {
        require(_exists(_tokenId), "!exists");
        string memory hexColor = tokenIdToHex[_tokenId];
        uint256 stolenAmount = tokenIdToStolen[_tokenId];
        return
            string(
                abi.encodePacked(
                    "data:application/json;base64,",
                    Base64.encode(
                        bytes(
                            abi.encodePacked(
                                "{",
                                _toJSONProperty(
                                    "name",
                                    string(
                                        abi.encodePacked(
                                            "Colored Square",
                                            " ",
                                            Strings.toString(_tokenId)
                                        )
                                    )
                                ),
                                ",",
                                _toJSONProperty(
                                    "description",
                                    "This is a colored square. That is all. Well...it could get stolen from you."
                                ),
                                ",",
                                _toJSONProperty(
                                    "image",
                                    _generateSquare(hexColor, stolenAmount)
                                ),
                                ",",
                                abi.encodePacked(
                                    '"attributes": ',
                                    _toAttributesProperty(
                                        hexColor,
                                        stolenAmount
                                    )
                                ),
                                ",",
                                _toJSONProperty(
                                    "tokenId",
                                    Strings.toString(_tokenId)
                                ),
                                "}"
                            )
                        )
                    )
                )
            );
    }

    /**************************************************************************
     * Admin
     *************************************************************************/

    /**
     * @notice Airdrop colors
     * @param _colors The colors
     * @param _addresses The addresses
     */
    function airdrop(
        string[] calldata _colors,
        address[] calldata _addresses
    ) external onlyOwner {
        for (uint256 i; i < _colors.length; i++) {
            string memory normalizedColor = _toLower(_colors[i]);
            uint256 nextId = _nextTokenId();
            hexToTokenId[normalizedColor] = nextId;
            tokenIdToHex[nextId] = normalizedColor;
            _mint(_addresses[i], 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Sets the collection max supply
     * @param _maxSupply The max supply of the collection
     */
    function setMaxSupply(uint256 _maxSupply) external onlyOwner {
        maxSupply = _maxSupply;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Sets stolen eth price
     * @param _stealPrice The price in wei
     */
    function setStolenPrice(uint256 _stealPrice) external onlyOwner {
        stealPrice = _stealPrice;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Sets eth price
     * @param _price The price in wei
     */
    function setPrice(uint256 _price) external onlyOwner {
        price = _price;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Sets the treasury recipient
     * @param _treasury The treasury address
     */
    function setTreasury(address _treasury) public onlyOwner {
        treasury = payable(_treasury);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Sets the mint states
     * @param _isPublicMintOpen The public mint is open
     */
    function setMintState(bool _isPublicMintOpen) external onlyOwner {
        isPublicOpen = _isPublicMintOpen;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Sets timestamps for live and expires timeframe
     * @param _liveAt A unix timestamp for live date
     * @param _expiresAt A unix timestamp for expiration date
     */
    function setMintWindow(
        uint256 _liveAt,
        uint256 _expiresAt
    ) external onlyOwner {
        liveAt = _liveAt;
        expiresAt = _expiresAt;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Changes the contract defined royalty
     * @param _receiver - The receiver of royalties
     * @param _feeNumerator - The numerator that represents a percent out of 10,000
     */
    function setDefaultRoyalty(
        address _receiver,
        uint96 _feeNumerator
    ) public onlyOwner {
        _setDefaultRoyalty(_receiver, _feeNumerator);
    }

    /// @notice Withdraws funds from contract
    function withdraw() public onlyOwner {
        (bool success, ) = treasury.call{value: address(this).balance}("");
        require(success, "Unable to withdraw ETH");
    }

    /**************************************************************************
     * Royalties
     *************************************************************************/

    function supportsInterface(
        bytes4 interfaceId
    ) public view virtual override(IERC721A, ERC721A, ERC2981) returns (bool) {
        return
            ERC721A.supportsInterface(interfaceId) ||
            ERC2981.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    function setApprovalForAll(
        address operator,
        bool approved
    ) public override(IERC721A, ERC721A) onlyAllowedOperatorApproval(operator) {
        super.setApprovalForAll(operator, approved);
    }

    function approve(
        address operator,
        uint256 tokenId
    )
        public
        payable
        override(IERC721A, ERC721A)
        onlyAllowedOperatorApproval(operator)
    {
        super.approve(operator, tokenId);
    }

    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) public payable override(IERC721A, ERC721A) onlyAllowedOperator(from) {
        super.transferFrom(from, to, tokenId);
    }

    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) public payable override(IERC721A, ERC721A) onlyAllowedOperator(from) {
        super.safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId);
    }

    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes memory data
    ) public payable override(IERC721A, ERC721A) onlyAllowedOperator(from) {
        super.safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, data);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/Context.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract Context {
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.13;

import {OperatorFilterer} from "./OperatorFilterer.sol";

/**
 * @title  DefaultOperatorFilterer
 * @notice Inherits from OperatorFilterer and automatically subscribes to the default OpenSea subscription.
 */
abstract contract DefaultOperatorFilterer is OperatorFilterer {
    address constant DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION = address(0x3cc6CddA760b79bAfa08dF41ECFA224f810dCeB6);

    constructor() OperatorFilterer(DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION, true) {}
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/introspection/ERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC165} interface.
 *
 * Contracts that want to implement ERC165 should inherit from this contract and override {supportsInterface} to check
 * for the additional interface id that will be supported. For example:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
 *     return interfaceId == type(MyInterface).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Alternatively, {ERC165Storage} provides an easier to use but more expensive implementation.
 */
abstract contract ERC165 is IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC165).interfaceId;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (token/common/ERC2981.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../../interfaces/IERC2981.sol";
import "../../utils/introspection/ERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the NFT Royalty Standard, a standardized way to retrieve royalty payment information.
 *
 * Royalty information can be specified globally for all token ids via {_setDefaultRoyalty}, and/or individually for
 * specific token ids via {_setTokenRoyalty}. The latter takes precedence over the first.
 *
 * Royalty is specified as a fraction of sale price. {_feeDenominator} is overridable but defaults to 10000, meaning the
 * fee is specified in basis points by default.
 *
 * IMPORTANT: ERC-2981 only specifies a way to signal royalty information and does not enforce its payment. See
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2981#optional-royalty-payments[Rationale] in the EIP. Marketplaces are expected to
 * voluntarily pay royalties together with sales, but note that this standard is not yet widely supported.
 *
 * _Available since v4.5._
 */
abstract contract ERC2981 is IERC2981, ERC165 {
    struct RoyaltyInfo {
        address receiver;
        uint96 royaltyFraction;
    }

    RoyaltyInfo private _defaultRoyaltyInfo;
    mapping(uint256 => RoyaltyInfo) private _tokenRoyaltyInfo;

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(IERC165, ERC165) returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC2981).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IERC2981
     */
    function royaltyInfo(uint256 _tokenId, uint256 _salePrice) public view virtual override returns (address, uint256) {
        RoyaltyInfo memory royalty = _tokenRoyaltyInfo[_tokenId];

        if (royalty.receiver == address(0)) {
            royalty = _defaultRoyaltyInfo;
        }

        uint256 royaltyAmount = (_salePrice * royalty.royaltyFraction) / _feeDenominator();

        return (royalty.receiver, royaltyAmount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev The denominator with which to interpret the fee set in {_setTokenRoyalty} and {_setDefaultRoyalty} as a
     * fraction of the sale price. Defaults to 10000 so fees are expressed in basis points, but may be customized by an
     * override.
     */
    function _feeDenominator() internal pure virtual returns (uint96) {
        return 10000;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets the royalty information that all ids in this contract will default to.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `receiver` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `feeNumerator` cannot be greater than the fee denominator.
     */
    function _setDefaultRoyalty(address receiver, uint96 feeNumerator) internal virtual {
        require(feeNumerator <= _feeDenominator(), "ERC2981: royalty fee will exceed salePrice");
        require(receiver != address(0), "ERC2981: invalid receiver");

        _defaultRoyaltyInfo = RoyaltyInfo(receiver, feeNumerator);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes default royalty information.
     */
    function _deleteDefaultRoyalty() internal virtual {
        delete _defaultRoyaltyInfo;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets the royalty information for a specific token id, overriding the global default.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `receiver` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `feeNumerator` cannot be greater than the fee denominator.
     */
    function _setTokenRoyalty(
        uint256 tokenId,
        address receiver,
        uint96 feeNumerator
    ) internal virtual {
        require(feeNumerator <= _feeDenominator(), "ERC2981: royalty fee will exceed salePrice");
        require(receiver != address(0), "ERC2981: Invalid parameters");

        _tokenRoyaltyInfo[tokenId] = RoyaltyInfo(receiver, feeNumerator);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Resets royalty information for the token id back to the global default.
     */
    function _resetTokenRoyalty(uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
        delete _tokenRoyaltyInfo[tokenId];
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// ERC721A Contracts v4.2.3
// Creator: Chiru Labs
// Tweaked with special steal transfer

pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

import "./IERC721A.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface of ERC721 token receiver.
 */
interface ERC721A__IERC721Receiver {
    function onERC721Received(
        address operator,
        address from,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes4);
}

/**
 * @title ERC721A
 *
 * @dev Implementation of the [ERC721](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721)
 * Non-Fungible Token Standard, including the Metadata extension.
 * Optimized for lower gas during batch mints.
 *
 * Token IDs are minted in sequential order (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3, ...)
 * starting from `_startTokenId()`.
 *
 * Assumptions:
 *
 * - An owner cannot have more than 2**64 - 1 (max value of uint64) of supply.
 * - The maximum token ID cannot exceed 2**256 - 1 (max value of uint256).
 */
contract ERC721A is IERC721A {
    // Bypass for a `--via-ir` bug (https://github.com/chiru-labs/ERC721A/pull/364).
    struct TokenApprovalRef {
        address value;
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                           CONSTANTS
    // =============================================================

    // Mask of an entry in packed address data.
    uint256 private constant _BITMASK_ADDRESS_DATA_ENTRY = (1 << 64) - 1;

    // The bit position of `numberMinted` in packed address data.
    uint256 private constant _BITPOS_NUMBER_MINTED = 64;

    // The bit position of `numberBurned` in packed address data.
    uint256 private constant _BITPOS_NUMBER_BURNED = 128;

    // The bit position of `aux` in packed address data.
    uint256 private constant _BITPOS_AUX = 192;

    // Mask of all 256 bits in packed address data except the 64 bits for `aux`.
    uint256 private constant _BITMASK_AUX_COMPLEMENT = (1 << 192) - 1;

    // The bit position of `startTimestamp` in packed ownership.
    uint256 private constant _BITPOS_START_TIMESTAMP = 160;

    // The bit mask of the `burned` bit in packed ownership.
    uint256 private constant _BITMASK_BURNED = 1 << 224;

    // The bit position of the `nextInitialized` bit in packed ownership.
    uint256 private constant _BITPOS_NEXT_INITIALIZED = 225;

    // The bit mask of the `nextInitialized` bit in packed ownership.
    uint256 private constant _BITMASK_NEXT_INITIALIZED = 1 << 225;

    // The bit position of `extraData` in packed ownership.
    uint256 private constant _BITPOS_EXTRA_DATA = 232;

    // Mask of all 256 bits in a packed ownership except the 24 bits for `extraData`.
    uint256 private constant _BITMASK_EXTRA_DATA_COMPLEMENT = (1 << 232) - 1;

    // The mask of the lower 160 bits for addresses.
    uint256 private constant _BITMASK_ADDRESS = (1 << 160) - 1;

    // The maximum `quantity` that can be minted with {_mintERC2309}.
    // This limit is to prevent overflows on the address data entries.
    // For a limit of 5000, a total of 3.689e15 calls to {_mintERC2309}
    // is required to cause an overflow, which is unrealistic.
    uint256 private constant _MAX_MINT_ERC2309_QUANTITY_LIMIT = 5000;

    // The `Transfer` event signature is given by:
    // `keccak256(bytes("Transfer(address,address,uint256)"))`.
    bytes32 private constant _TRANSFER_EVENT_SIGNATURE =
        0xddf252ad1be2c89b69c2b068fc378daa952ba7f163c4a11628f55a4df523b3ef;

    // =============================================================
    //                            STORAGE
    // =============================================================

    // The next token ID to be minted.
    uint256 private _currentIndex;

    // The number of tokens burned.
    uint256 private _burnCounter;

    // Token name
    string private _name;

    // Token symbol
    string private _symbol;

    // Mapping from token ID to ownership details
    // An empty struct value does not necessarily mean the token is unowned.
    // See {_packedOwnershipOf} implementation for details.
    //
    // Bits Layout:
    // - [0..159]   `addr`
    // - [160..223] `startTimestamp`
    // - [224]      `burned`
    // - [225]      `nextInitialized`
    // - [232..255] `extraData`
    mapping(uint256 => uint256) private _packedOwnerships;

    // Mapping owner address to address data.
    //
    // Bits Layout:
    // - [0..63]    `balance`
    // - [64..127]  `numberMinted`
    // - [128..191] `numberBurned`
    // - [192..255] `aux`
    mapping(address => uint256) private _packedAddressData;

    // Mapping from token ID to approved address.
    mapping(uint256 => TokenApprovalRef) private _tokenApprovals;

    // Mapping from owner to operator approvals
    mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) private _operatorApprovals;

    // Bypass proxies
    mapping(address => bool) internal _proxies;

    // =============================================================
    //                          CONSTRUCTOR
    // =============================================================

    constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) {
        _name = name_;
        _symbol = symbol_;
        _currentIndex = _startTokenId();
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                   TOKEN COUNTING OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns the starting token ID.
     * To change the starting token ID, please override this function.
     */
    function _startTokenId() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the next token ID to be minted.
     */
    function _nextTokenId() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _currentIndex;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the total number of tokens in existence.
     * Burned tokens will reduce the count.
     * To get the total number of tokens minted, please see {_totalMinted}.
     */
    function totalSupply() public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        // Counter underflow is impossible as _burnCounter cannot be incremented
        // more than `_currentIndex - _startTokenId()` times.
        unchecked {
            return _currentIndex - _burnCounter - _startTokenId();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the total amount of tokens minted in the contract.
     */
    function _totalMinted() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        // Counter underflow is impossible as `_currentIndex` does not decrement,
        // and it is initialized to `_startTokenId()`.
        unchecked {
            return _currentIndex - _startTokenId();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the total number of tokens burned.
     */
    function _totalBurned() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _burnCounter;
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                    ADDRESS DATA OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of tokens in `owner`'s account.
     */
    function balanceOf(
        address owner
    ) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        if (owner == address(0)) revert BalanceQueryForZeroAddress();
        return _packedAddressData[owner] & _BITMASK_ADDRESS_DATA_ENTRY;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of tokens minted by `owner`.
     */
    function _numberMinted(address owner) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return
            (_packedAddressData[owner] >> _BITPOS_NUMBER_MINTED) &
            _BITMASK_ADDRESS_DATA_ENTRY;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of tokens burned by or on behalf of `owner`.
     */
    function _numberBurned(address owner) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return
            (_packedAddressData[owner] >> _BITPOS_NUMBER_BURNED) &
            _BITMASK_ADDRESS_DATA_ENTRY;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the auxiliary data for `owner`. (e.g. number of whitelist mint slots used).
     */
    function _getAux(address owner) internal view returns (uint64) {
        return uint64(_packedAddressData[owner] >> _BITPOS_AUX);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the auxiliary data for `owner`. (e.g. number of whitelist mint slots used).
     * If there are multiple variables, please pack them into a uint64.
     */
    function _setAux(address owner, uint64 aux) internal virtual {
        uint256 packed = _packedAddressData[owner];
        uint256 auxCasted;
        // Cast `aux` with assembly to avoid redundant masking.
        assembly {
            auxCasted := aux
        }
        packed =
            (packed & _BITMASK_AUX_COMPLEMENT) |
            (auxCasted << _BITPOS_AUX);
        _packedAddressData[owner] = packed;
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                            IERC165
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * [EIP section](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified)
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(
        bytes4 interfaceId
    ) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        // The interface IDs are constants representing the first 4 bytes
        // of the XOR of all function selectors in the interface.
        // See: [ERC165](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165)
        // (e.g. `bytes4(i.functionA.selector ^ i.functionB.selector ^ ...)`)
        return
            interfaceId == 0x01ffc9a7 || // ERC165 interface ID for ERC165.
            interfaceId == 0x80ac58cd || // ERC165 interface ID for ERC721.
            interfaceId == 0x5b5e139f; // ERC165 interface ID for ERC721Metadata.
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                        IERC721Metadata
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns the token collection name.
     */
    function name() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the token collection symbol.
     */
    function symbol() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) for `tokenId` token.
     */
    function tokenURI(
        uint256 tokenId
    ) public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        if (!_exists(tokenId)) revert URIQueryForNonexistentToken();

        string memory baseURI = _baseURI();
        return
            bytes(baseURI).length != 0
                ? string(abi.encodePacked(baseURI, _toString(tokenId)))
                : "";
    }

    /**
     * @dev Base URI for computing {tokenURI}. If set, the resulting URI for each
     * token will be the concatenation of the `baseURI` and the `tokenId`. Empty
     * by default, it can be overridden in child contracts.
     */
    function _baseURI() internal view virtual returns (string memory) {
        return "";
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                     OWNERSHIPS OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns the owner of the `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function ownerOf(
        uint256 tokenId
    ) public view virtual override returns (address) {
        return address(uint160(_packedOwnershipOf(tokenId)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Gas spent here starts off proportional to the maximum mint batch size.
     * It gradually moves to O(1) as tokens get transferred around over time.
     */
    function _ownershipOf(
        uint256 tokenId
    ) internal view virtual returns (TokenOwnership memory) {
        return _unpackedOwnership(_packedOwnershipOf(tokenId));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the unpacked `TokenOwnership` struct at `index`.
     */
    function _ownershipAt(
        uint256 index
    ) internal view virtual returns (TokenOwnership memory) {
        return _unpackedOwnership(_packedOwnerships[index]);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the ownership slot minted at `index` for efficiency purposes.
     */
    function _initializeOwnershipAt(uint256 index) internal virtual {
        if (_packedOwnerships[index] == 0) {
            _packedOwnerships[index] = _packedOwnershipOf(index);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the packed ownership data of `tokenId`.
     */
    function _packedOwnershipOf(
        uint256 tokenId
    ) private view returns (uint256) {
        uint256 curr = tokenId;

        unchecked {
            if (_startTokenId() <= curr)
                if (curr < _currentIndex) {
                    uint256 packed = _packedOwnerships[curr];
                    // If not burned.
                    if (packed & _BITMASK_BURNED == 0) {
                        // Invariant:
                        // There will always be an initialized ownership slot
                        // (i.e. `ownership.addr != address(0) && ownership.burned == false`)
                        // before an unintialized ownership slot
                        // (i.e. `ownership.addr == address(0) && ownership.burned == false`)
                        // Hence, `curr` will not underflow.
                        //
                        // We can directly compare the packed value.
                        // If the address is zero, packed will be zero.
                        while (packed == 0) {
                            packed = _packedOwnerships[--curr];
                        }
                        return packed;
                    }
                }
        }
        revert OwnerQueryForNonexistentToken();
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the unpacked `TokenOwnership` struct from `packed`.
     */
    function _unpackedOwnership(
        uint256 packed
    ) private pure returns (TokenOwnership memory ownership) {
        ownership.addr = address(uint160(packed));
        ownership.startTimestamp = uint64(packed >> _BITPOS_START_TIMESTAMP);
        ownership.burned = packed & _BITMASK_BURNED != 0;
        ownership.extraData = uint24(packed >> _BITPOS_EXTRA_DATA);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Packs ownership data into a single uint256.
     */
    function _packOwnershipData(
        address owner,
        uint256 flags
    ) private view returns (uint256 result) {
        assembly {
            // Mask `owner` to the lower 160 bits, in case the upper bits somehow aren't clean.
            owner := and(owner, _BITMASK_ADDRESS)
            // `owner | (block.timestamp << _BITPOS_START_TIMESTAMP) | flags`.
            result := or(
                owner,
                or(shl(_BITPOS_START_TIMESTAMP, timestamp()), flags)
            )
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the `nextInitialized` flag set if `quantity` equals 1.
     */
    function _nextInitializedFlag(
        uint256 quantity
    ) private pure returns (uint256 result) {
        // For branchless setting of the `nextInitialized` flag.
        assembly {
            // `(quantity == 1) << _BITPOS_NEXT_INITIALIZED`.
            result := shl(_BITPOS_NEXT_INITIALIZED, eq(quantity, 1))
        }
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                      APPROVAL OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Gives permission to `to` to transfer `tokenId` token to another account.
     * The approval is cleared when the token is transferred.
     *
     * Only a single account can be approved at a time, so approving the
     * zero address clears previous approvals.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The caller must own the token or be an approved operator.
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) public payable virtual override {
        address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);

        if (_msgSenderERC721A() != owner)
            if (!isApprovedForAll(owner, _msgSenderERC721A())) {
                revert ApprovalCallerNotOwnerNorApproved();
            }

        _tokenApprovals[tokenId].value = to;
        emit Approval(owner, to, tokenId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the account approved for `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function getApproved(
        uint256 tokenId
    ) public view virtual override returns (address) {
        if (!_exists(tokenId)) revert ApprovalQueryForNonexistentToken();

        return _tokenApprovals[tokenId].value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Approve or remove `operator` as an operator for the caller.
     * Operators can call {transferFrom} or {safeTransferFrom}
     * for any token owned by the caller.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The `operator` cannot be the caller.
     *
     * Emits an {ApprovalForAll} event.
     */
    function setApprovalForAll(
        address operator,
        bool approved
    ) public virtual override {
        _operatorApprovals[_msgSenderERC721A()][operator] = approved;
        emit ApprovalForAll(_msgSenderERC721A(), operator, approved);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns if the `operator` is allowed to manage all of the assets of `owner`.
     *
     * See {setApprovalForAll}.
     */
    function isApprovedForAll(
        address owner,
        address operator
    ) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return _proxies[operator] || _operatorApprovals[owner][operator];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether `tokenId` exists.
     *
     * Tokens can be managed by their owner or approved accounts via {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     *
     * Tokens start existing when they are minted. See {_mint}.
     */
    function _exists(uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual returns (bool) {
        return
            _startTokenId() <= tokenId &&
            tokenId < _currentIndex && // If within bounds,
            _packedOwnerships[tokenId] & _BITMASK_BURNED == 0; // and not burned.
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether `msgSender` is equal to `approvedAddress` or `owner`.
     */
    function _isSenderApprovedOrOwner(
        address approvedAddress,
        address owner,
        address msgSender
    ) private pure returns (bool result) {
        assembly {
            // Mask `owner` to the lower 160 bits, in case the upper bits somehow aren't clean.
            owner := and(owner, _BITMASK_ADDRESS)
            // Mask `msgSender` to the lower 160 bits, in case the upper bits somehow aren't clean.
            msgSender := and(msgSender, _BITMASK_ADDRESS)
            // `msgSender == owner || msgSender == approvedAddress`.
            result := or(eq(msgSender, owner), eq(msgSender, approvedAddress))
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the storage slot and value for the approved address of `tokenId`.
     */
    function _getApprovedSlotAndAddress(
        uint256 tokenId
    )
        private
        view
        returns (uint256 approvedAddressSlot, address approvedAddress)
    {
        TokenApprovalRef storage tokenApproval = _tokenApprovals[tokenId];
        // The following is equivalent to `approvedAddress = _tokenApprovals[tokenId].value`.
        assembly {
            approvedAddressSlot := tokenApproval.slot
            approvedAddress := sload(approvedAddressSlot)
        }
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                      TRANSFER OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    function stealIt(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
        uint256 prevOwnershipPacked = _packedOwnershipOf(tokenId);
        address from = ownerOf(tokenId);

        (
            uint256 approvedAddressSlot,
            address approvedAddress
        ) = _getApprovedSlotAndAddress(tokenId);
        _beforeTokenTransfers(from, to, tokenId, 1);
        assembly {
            if approvedAddress {
                sstore(approvedAddressSlot, 0)
            }
        }
        unchecked {
            --_packedAddressData[from];
            ++_packedAddressData[to];
            _packedOwnerships[tokenId] = _packOwnershipData(
                to,
                _BITMASK_NEXT_INITIALIZED |
                    _nextExtraData(from, to, prevOwnershipPacked)
            );
            if (prevOwnershipPacked & _BITMASK_NEXT_INITIALIZED == 0) {
                uint256 nextTokenId = tokenId + 1;
                if (_packedOwnerships[nextTokenId] == 0) {
                    if (nextTokenId != _currentIndex) {
                        _packedOwnerships[nextTokenId] = prevOwnershipPacked;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        emit Transfer(from, to, tokenId);
        _afterTokenTransfers(from, to, tokenId, 1);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `tokenId` from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be approved to move this token
     * by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) public payable virtual override {
        uint256 prevOwnershipPacked = _packedOwnershipOf(tokenId);

        if (address(uint160(prevOwnershipPacked)) != from)
            revert TransferFromIncorrectOwner();

        (
            uint256 approvedAddressSlot,
            address approvedAddress
        ) = _getApprovedSlotAndAddress(tokenId);

        // The nested ifs save around 20+ gas over a compound boolean condition.
        if (
            !_isSenderApprovedOrOwner(
                approvedAddress,
                from,
                _msgSenderERC721A()
            )
        )
            if (!isApprovedForAll(from, _msgSenderERC721A()))
                revert TransferCallerNotOwnerNorApproved();

        if (to == address(0)) revert TransferToZeroAddress();

        _beforeTokenTransfers(from, to, tokenId, 1);

        // Clear approvals from the previous owner.
        assembly {
            if approvedAddress {
                // This is equivalent to `delete _tokenApprovals[tokenId]`.
                sstore(approvedAddressSlot, 0)
            }
        }

        // Underflow of the sender's balance is impossible because we check for
        // ownership above and the recipient's balance can't realistically overflow.
        // Counter overflow is incredibly unrealistic as `tokenId` would have to be 2**256.
        unchecked {
            // We can directly increment and decrement the balances.
            --_packedAddressData[from]; // Updates: `balance -= 1`.
            ++_packedAddressData[to]; // Updates: `balance += 1`.

            // Updates:
            // - `address` to the next owner.
            // - `startTimestamp` to the timestamp of transfering.
            // - `burned` to `false`.
            // - `nextInitialized` to `true`.
            _packedOwnerships[tokenId] = _packOwnershipData(
                to,
                _BITMASK_NEXT_INITIALIZED |
                    _nextExtraData(from, to, prevOwnershipPacked)
            );

            // If the next slot may not have been initialized (i.e. `nextInitialized == false`) .
            if (prevOwnershipPacked & _BITMASK_NEXT_INITIALIZED == 0) {
                uint256 nextTokenId = tokenId + 1;
                // If the next slot's address is zero and not burned (i.e. packed value is zero).
                if (_packedOwnerships[nextTokenId] == 0) {
                    // If the next slot is within bounds.
                    if (nextTokenId != _currentIndex) {
                        // Initialize the next slot to maintain correctness for `ownerOf(tokenId + 1)`.
                        _packedOwnerships[nextTokenId] = prevOwnershipPacked;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        emit Transfer(from, to, tokenId);
        _afterTokenTransfers(from, to, tokenId, 1);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Equivalent to `safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, '')`.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) public payable virtual override {
        safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, "");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be approved to move this token
     * by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement
     * {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes memory _data
    ) public payable virtual override {
        transferFrom(from, to, tokenId);
        if (to.code.length != 0)
            if (!_checkContractOnERC721Received(from, to, tokenId, _data)) {
                revert TransferToNonERC721ReceiverImplementer();
            }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called before a set of serially-ordered token IDs
     * are about to be transferred. This includes minting.
     * And also called before burning one token.
     *
     * `startTokenId` - the first token ID to be transferred.
     * `quantity` - the amount to be transferred.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - When `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `from`'s `tokenId` will be
     * transferred to `to`.
     * - When `from` is zero, `tokenId` will be minted for `to`.
     * - When `to` is zero, `tokenId` will be burned by `from`.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     */
    function _beforeTokenTransfers(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 startTokenId,
        uint256 quantity
    ) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called after a set of serially-ordered token IDs
     * have been transferred. This includes minting.
     * And also called after one token has been burned.
     *
     * `startTokenId` - the first token ID to be transferred.
     * `quantity` - the amount to be transferred.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - When `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `from`'s `tokenId` has been
     * transferred to `to`.
     * - When `from` is zero, `tokenId` has been minted for `to`.
     * - When `to` is zero, `tokenId` has been burned by `from`.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     */
    function _afterTokenTransfers(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 startTokenId,
        uint256 quantity
    ) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev Private function to invoke {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} on a target contract.
     *
     * `from` - Previous owner of the given token ID.
     * `to` - Target address that will receive the token.
     * `tokenId` - Token ID to be transferred.
     * `_data` - Optional data to send along with the call.
     *
     * Returns whether the call correctly returned the expected magic value.
     */
    function _checkContractOnERC721Received(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes memory _data
    ) private returns (bool) {
        try
            ERC721A__IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(
                _msgSenderERC721A(),
                from,
                tokenId,
                _data
            )
        returns (bytes4 retval) {
            return
                retval ==
                ERC721A__IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received.selector;
        } catch (bytes memory reason) {
            if (reason.length == 0) {
                revert TransferToNonERC721ReceiverImplementer();
            } else {
                assembly {
                    revert(add(32, reason), mload(reason))
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                        MINT OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Mints `quantity` tokens and transfers them to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `quantity` must be greater than 0.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event for each mint.
     */
    function _mint(address to, uint256 quantity) internal virtual {
        uint256 startTokenId = _currentIndex;
        if (quantity == 0) revert MintZeroQuantity();

        _beforeTokenTransfers(address(0), to, startTokenId, quantity);

        // Overflows are incredibly unrealistic.
        // `balance` and `numberMinted` have a maximum limit of 2**64.
        // `tokenId` has a maximum limit of 2**256.
        unchecked {
            // Updates:
            // - `balance += quantity`.
            // - `numberMinted += quantity`.
            //
            // We can directly add to the `balance` and `numberMinted`.
            _packedAddressData[to] +=
                quantity *
                ((1 << _BITPOS_NUMBER_MINTED) | 1);

            // Updates:
            // - `address` to the owner.
            // - `startTimestamp` to the timestamp of minting.
            // - `burned` to `false`.
            // - `nextInitialized` to `quantity == 1`.
            _packedOwnerships[startTokenId] = _packOwnershipData(
                to,
                _nextInitializedFlag(quantity) |
                    _nextExtraData(address(0), to, 0)
            );

            uint256 toMasked;
            uint256 end = startTokenId + quantity;

            // Use assembly to loop and emit the `Transfer` event for gas savings.
            // The duplicated `log4` removes an extra check and reduces stack juggling.
            // The assembly, together with the surrounding Solidity code, have been
            // delicately arranged to nudge the compiler into producing optimized opcodes.
            assembly {
                // Mask `to` to the lower 160 bits, in case the upper bits somehow aren't clean.
                toMasked := and(to, _BITMASK_ADDRESS)
                // Emit the `Transfer` event.
                log4(
                    0, // Start of data (0, since no data).
                    0, // End of data (0, since no data).
                    _TRANSFER_EVENT_SIGNATURE, // Signature.
                    0, // `address(0)`.
                    toMasked, // `to`.
                    startTokenId // `tokenId`.
                )

                // The `iszero(eq(,))` check ensures that large values of `quantity`
                // that overflows uint256 will make the loop run out of gas.
                // The compiler will optimize the `iszero` away for performance.
                for {
                    let tokenId := add(startTokenId, 1)
                } iszero(eq(tokenId, end)) {
                    tokenId := add(tokenId, 1)
                } {
                    // Emit the `Transfer` event. Similar to above.
                    log4(0, 0, _TRANSFER_EVENT_SIGNATURE, 0, toMasked, tokenId)
                }
            }
            if (toMasked == 0) revert MintToZeroAddress();

            _currentIndex = end;
        }
        _afterTokenTransfers(address(0), to, startTokenId, quantity);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Mints `quantity` tokens and transfers them to `to`.
     *
     * This function is intended for efficient minting only during contract creation.
     *
     * It emits only one {ConsecutiveTransfer} as defined in
     * [ERC2309](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2309),
     * instead of a sequence of {Transfer} event(s).
     *
     * Calling this function outside of contract creation WILL make your contract
     * non-compliant with the ERC721 standard.
     * For full ERC721 compliance, substituting ERC721 {Transfer} event(s) with the ERC2309
     * {ConsecutiveTransfer} event is only permissible during contract creation.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `quantity` must be greater than 0.
     *
     * Emits a {ConsecutiveTransfer} event.
     */
    function _mintERC2309(address to, uint256 quantity) internal virtual {
        uint256 startTokenId = _currentIndex;
        if (to == address(0)) revert MintToZeroAddress();
        if (quantity == 0) revert MintZeroQuantity();
        if (quantity > _MAX_MINT_ERC2309_QUANTITY_LIMIT)
            revert MintERC2309QuantityExceedsLimit();

        _beforeTokenTransfers(address(0), to, startTokenId, quantity);

        // Overflows are unrealistic due to the above check for `quantity` to be below the limit.
        unchecked {
            // Updates:
            // - `balance += quantity`.
            // - `numberMinted += quantity`.
            //
            // We can directly add to the `balance` and `numberMinted`.
            _packedAddressData[to] +=
                quantity *
                ((1 << _BITPOS_NUMBER_MINTED) | 1);

            // Updates:
            // - `address` to the owner.
            // - `startTimestamp` to the timestamp of minting.
            // - `burned` to `false`.
            // - `nextInitialized` to `quantity == 1`.
            _packedOwnerships[startTokenId] = _packOwnershipData(
                to,
                _nextInitializedFlag(quantity) |
                    _nextExtraData(address(0), to, 0)
            );

            emit ConsecutiveTransfer(
                startTokenId,
                startTokenId + quantity - 1,
                address(0),
                to
            );

            _currentIndex = startTokenId + quantity;
        }
        _afterTokenTransfers(address(0), to, startTokenId, quantity);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Safely mints `quantity` tokens and transfers them to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement
     * {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called for each safe transfer.
     * - `quantity` must be greater than 0.
     *
     * See {_mint}.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event for each mint.
     */
    function _safeMint(
        address to,
        uint256 quantity,
        bytes memory _data
    ) internal virtual {
        _mint(to, quantity);

        unchecked {
            if (to.code.length != 0) {
                uint256 end = _currentIndex;
                uint256 index = end - quantity;
                do {
                    if (
                        !_checkContractOnERC721Received(
                            address(0),
                            to,
                            index++,
                            _data
                        )
                    ) {
                        revert TransferToNonERC721ReceiverImplementer();
                    }
                } while (index < end);
                // Reentrancy protection.
                if (_currentIndex != end) revert();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Equivalent to `_safeMint(to, quantity, '')`.
     */
    function _safeMint(address to, uint256 quantity) internal virtual {
        _safeMint(to, quantity, "");
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                        BURN OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Equivalent to `_burn(tokenId, false)`.
     */
    function _burn(uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
        _burn(tokenId, false);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Destroys `tokenId`.
     * The approval is cleared when the token is burned.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _burn(uint256 tokenId, bool approvalCheck) internal virtual {
        uint256 prevOwnershipPacked = _packedOwnershipOf(tokenId);

        address from = address(uint160(prevOwnershipPacked));

        (
            uint256 approvedAddressSlot,
            address approvedAddress
        ) = _getApprovedSlotAndAddress(tokenId);

        if (approvalCheck) {
            // The nested ifs save around 20+ gas over a compound boolean condition.
            if (
                !_isSenderApprovedOrOwner(
                    approvedAddress,
                    from,
                    _msgSenderERC721A()
                )
            )
                if (!isApprovedForAll(from, _msgSenderERC721A()))
                    revert TransferCallerNotOwnerNorApproved();
        }

        _beforeTokenTransfers(from, address(0), tokenId, 1);

        // Clear approvals from the previous owner.
        assembly {
            if approvedAddress {
                // This is equivalent to `delete _tokenApprovals[tokenId]`.
                sstore(approvedAddressSlot, 0)
            }
        }

        // Underflow of the sender's balance is impossible because we check for
        // ownership above and the recipient's balance can't realistically overflow.
        // Counter overflow is incredibly unrealistic as `tokenId` would have to be 2**256.
        unchecked {
            // Updates:
            // - `balance -= 1`.
            // - `numberBurned += 1`.
            //
            // We can directly decrement the balance, and increment the number burned.
            // This is equivalent to `packed -= 1; packed += 1 << _BITPOS_NUMBER_BURNED;`.
            _packedAddressData[from] += (1 << _BITPOS_NUMBER_BURNED) - 1;

            // Updates:
            // - `address` to the last owner.
            // - `startTimestamp` to the timestamp of burning.
            // - `burned` to `true`.
            // - `nextInitialized` to `true`.
            _packedOwnerships[tokenId] = _packOwnershipData(
                from,
                (_BITMASK_BURNED | _BITMASK_NEXT_INITIALIZED) |
                    _nextExtraData(from, address(0), prevOwnershipPacked)
            );

            // If the next slot may not have been initialized (i.e. `nextInitialized == false`) .
            if (prevOwnershipPacked & _BITMASK_NEXT_INITIALIZED == 0) {
                uint256 nextTokenId = tokenId + 1;
                // If the next slot's address is zero and not burned (i.e. packed value is zero).
                if (_packedOwnerships[nextTokenId] == 0) {
                    // If the next slot is within bounds.
                    if (nextTokenId != _currentIndex) {
                        // Initialize the next slot to maintain correctness for `ownerOf(tokenId + 1)`.
                        _packedOwnerships[nextTokenId] = prevOwnershipPacked;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        emit Transfer(from, address(0), tokenId);
        _afterTokenTransfers(from, address(0), tokenId, 1);

        // Overflow not possible, as _burnCounter cannot be exceed _currentIndex times.
        unchecked {
            _burnCounter++;
        }
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                     EXTRA DATA OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Directly sets the extra data for the ownership data `index`.
     */
    function _setExtraDataAt(uint256 index, uint24 extraData) internal virtual {
        uint256 packed = _packedOwnerships[index];
        if (packed == 0) revert OwnershipNotInitializedForExtraData();
        uint256 extraDataCasted;
        // Cast `extraData` with assembly to avoid redundant masking.
        assembly {
            extraDataCasted := extraData
        }
        packed =
            (packed & _BITMASK_EXTRA_DATA_COMPLEMENT) |
            (extraDataCasted << _BITPOS_EXTRA_DATA);
        _packedOwnerships[index] = packed;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Called during each token transfer to set the 24bit `extraData` field.
     * Intended to be overridden by the cosumer contract.
     *
     * `previousExtraData` - the value of `extraData` before transfer.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - When `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `from`'s `tokenId` will be
     * transferred to `to`.
     * - When `from` is zero, `tokenId` will be minted for `to`.
     * - When `to` is zero, `tokenId` will be burned by `from`.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     */
    function _extraData(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint24 previousExtraData
    ) internal view virtual returns (uint24) {}

    /**
     * @dev Returns the next extra data for the packed ownership data.
     * The returned result is shifted into position.
     */
    function _nextExtraData(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 prevOwnershipPacked
    ) private view returns (uint256) {
        uint24 extraData = uint24(prevOwnershipPacked >> _BITPOS_EXTRA_DATA);
        return uint256(_extraData(from, to, extraData)) << _BITPOS_EXTRA_DATA;
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                       OTHER OPERATIONS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns the message sender (defaults to `msg.sender`).
     *
     * If you are writing GSN compatible contracts, you need to override this function.
     */
    function _msgSenderERC721A() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a uint256 to its ASCII string decimal representation.
     */
    function _toString(
        uint256 value
    ) internal pure virtual returns (string memory str) {
        assembly {
            // The maximum value of a uint256 contains 78 digits (1 byte per digit), but
            // we allocate 0xa0 bytes to keep the free memory pointer 32-byte word aligned.
            // We will need 1 word for the trailing zeros padding, 1 word for the length,
            // and 3 words for a maximum of 78 digits. Total: 5 * 0x20 = 0xa0.
            let m := add(mload(0x40), 0xa0)
            // Update the free memory pointer to allocate.
            mstore(0x40, m)
            // Assign the `str` to the end.
            str := sub(m, 0x20)
            // Zeroize the slot after the string.
            mstore(str, 0)

            // Cache the end of the memory to calculate the length later.
            let end := str

            // We write the string from rightmost digit to leftmost digit.
            // The following is essentially a do-while loop that also handles the zero case.
            // prettier-ignore
            for { let temp := value } 1 {} {
                str := sub(str, 1)
                // Write the character to the pointer.
                // The ASCII index of the '0' character is 48.
                mstore8(str, add(48, mod(temp, 10)))
                // Keep dividing `temp` until zero.
                temp := div(temp, 10)
                // prettier-ignore
                if iszero(temp) { break }
            }

            let length := sub(end, str)
            // Move the pointer 32 bytes leftwards to make room for the length.
            str := sub(str, 0x20)
            // Store the length.
            mstore(str, length)
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// ERC721A Contracts v4.2.3
// Creator: Chiru Labs

pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

import "./IERC721AQueryable.sol";
import "../common/ERC721A.sol";

/**
 * @title ERC721AQueryable.
 *
 * @dev ERC721A subclass with convenience query functions.
 */
abstract contract ERC721AQueryable is ERC721A, IERC721AQueryable {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the `TokenOwnership` struct at `tokenId` without reverting.
     *
     * If the `tokenId` is out of bounds:
     *
     * - `addr = address(0)`
     * - `startTimestamp = 0`
     * - `burned = false`
     * - `extraData = 0`
     *
     * If the `tokenId` is burned:
     *
     * - `addr = <Address of owner before token was burned>`
     * - `startTimestamp = <Timestamp when token was burned>`
     * - `burned = true`
     * - `extraData = <Extra data when token was burned>`
     *
     * Otherwise:
     *
     * - `addr = <Address of owner>`
     * - `startTimestamp = <Timestamp of start of ownership>`
     * - `burned = false`
     * - `extraData = <Extra data at start of ownership>`
     */
    function explicitOwnershipOf(
        uint256 tokenId
    ) public view virtual override returns (TokenOwnership memory) {
        TokenOwnership memory ownership;
        if (tokenId < _startTokenId() || tokenId >= _nextTokenId()) {
            return ownership;
        }
        ownership = _ownershipAt(tokenId);
        if (ownership.burned) {
            return ownership;
        }
        return _ownershipOf(tokenId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an array of `TokenOwnership` structs at `tokenIds` in order.
     * See {ERC721AQueryable-explicitOwnershipOf}
     */
    function explicitOwnershipsOf(
        uint256[] calldata tokenIds
    ) external view virtual override returns (TokenOwnership[] memory) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 tokenIdsLength = tokenIds.length;
            TokenOwnership[] memory ownerships = new TokenOwnership[](
                tokenIdsLength
            );
            for (uint256 i; i != tokenIdsLength; ++i) {
                ownerships[i] = explicitOwnershipOf(tokenIds[i]);
            }
            return ownerships;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an array of token IDs owned by `owner`,
     * in the range [`start`, `stop`)
     * (i.e. `start <= tokenId < stop`).
     *
     * This function allows for tokens to be queried if the collection
     * grows too big for a single call of {ERC721AQueryable-tokensOfOwner}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `start < stop`
     */
    function tokensOfOwnerIn(
        address owner,
        uint256 start,
        uint256 stop
    ) external view virtual override returns (uint256[] memory) {
        unchecked {
            if (start >= stop) revert InvalidQueryRange();
            uint256 tokenIdsIdx;
            uint256 stopLimit = _nextTokenId();
            // Set `start = max(start, _startTokenId())`.
            if (start < _startTokenId()) {
                start = _startTokenId();
            }
            // Set `stop = min(stop, stopLimit)`.
            if (stop > stopLimit) {
                stop = stopLimit;
            }
            uint256 tokenIdsMaxLength = balanceOf(owner);
            // Set `tokenIdsMaxLength = min(balanceOf(owner), stop - start)`,
            // to cater for cases where `balanceOf(owner)` is too big.
            if (start < stop) {
                uint256 rangeLength = stop - start;
                if (rangeLength < tokenIdsMaxLength) {
                    tokenIdsMaxLength = rangeLength;
                }
            } else {
                tokenIdsMaxLength = 0;
            }
            uint256[] memory tokenIds = new uint256[](tokenIdsMaxLength);
            if (tokenIdsMaxLength == 0) {
                return tokenIds;
            }
            // We need to call `explicitOwnershipOf(start)`,
            // because the slot at `start` may not be initialized.
            TokenOwnership memory ownership = explicitOwnershipOf(start);
            address currOwnershipAddr;
            // If the starting slot exists (i.e. not burned), initialize `currOwnershipAddr`.
            // `ownership.address` will not be zero, as `start` is clamped to the valid token ID range.
            if (!ownership.burned) {
                currOwnershipAddr = ownership.addr;
            }
            for (
                uint256 i = start;
                i != stop && tokenIdsIdx != tokenIdsMaxLength;
                ++i
            ) {
                ownership = _ownershipAt(i);
                if (ownership.burned) {
                    continue;
                }
                if (ownership.addr != address(0)) {
                    currOwnershipAddr = ownership.addr;
                }
                if (currOwnershipAddr == owner) {
                    tokenIds[tokenIdsIdx++] = i;
                }
            }
            // Downsize the array to fit.
            assembly {
                mstore(tokenIds, tokenIdsIdx)
            }
            return tokenIds;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an array of token IDs owned by `owner`.
     *
     * This function scans the ownership mapping and is O(`totalSupply`) in complexity.
     * It is meant to be called off-chain.
     *
     * See {ERC721AQueryable-tokensOfOwnerIn} for splitting the scan into
     * multiple smaller scans if the collection is large enough to cause
     * an out-of-gas error (10K collections should be fine).
     */
    function tokensOfOwner(
        address owner
    ) external view virtual override returns (uint256[] memory) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 tokenIdsIdx;
            address currOwnershipAddr;
            uint256 tokenIdsLength = balanceOf(owner);
            uint256[] memory tokenIds = new uint256[](tokenIdsLength);
            TokenOwnership memory ownership;
            for (
                uint256 i = _startTokenId();
                tokenIdsIdx != tokenIdsLength;
                ++i
            ) {
                ownership = _ownershipAt(i);
                if (ownership.burned) {
                    continue;
                }
                if (ownership.addr != address(0)) {
                    currOwnershipAddr = ownership.addr;
                }
                if (currOwnershipAddr == owner) {
                    tokenIds[tokenIdsIdx++] = i;
                }
            }
            return tokenIds;
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/introspection/IERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC165 standard, as defined in the
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165[EIP].
 *
 * Implementers can declare support of contract interfaces, which can then be
 * queried by others ({ERC165Checker}).
 *
 * For an implementation, see {ERC165}.
 */
interface IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified[EIP section]
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30 000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.6.0) (interfaces/IERC2981.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface for the NFT Royalty Standard.
 *
 * A standardized way to retrieve royalty payment information for non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to enable universal
 * support for royalty payments across all NFT marketplaces and ecosystem participants.
 *
 * _Available since v4.5._
 */
interface IERC2981 is IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns how much royalty is owed and to whom, based on a sale price that may be denominated in any unit of
     * exchange. The royalty amount is denominated and should be paid in that same unit of exchange.
     */
    function royaltyInfo(uint256 tokenId, uint256 salePrice)
        external
        view
        returns (address receiver, uint256 royaltyAmount);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (token/ERC721/IERC721.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../../utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Required interface of an ERC721 compliant contract.
 */
interface IERC721 is IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `tokenId` token is transferred from `from` to `to`.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 indexed tokenId);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `owner` enables `approved` to manage the `tokenId` token.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed approved, uint256 indexed tokenId);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `owner` enables or disables (`approved`) `operator` to manage all of its assets.
     */
    event ApprovalForAll(address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of tokens in ``owner``'s account.
     */
    function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256 balance);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the owner of the `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address owner);

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be approved to move this token by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`, checking first that contract recipients
     * are aware of the ERC721 protocol to prevent tokens from being forever locked.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must have been allowed to move this token by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * WARNING: Note that the caller is responsible to confirm that the recipient is capable of receiving ERC721
     * or else they may be permanently lost. Usage of {safeTransferFrom} prevents loss, though the caller must
     * understand this adds an external call which potentially creates a reentrancy vulnerability.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be approved to move this token by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Gives permission to `to` to transfer `tokenId` token to another account.
     * The approval is cleared when the token is transferred.
     *
     * Only a single account can be approved at a time, so approving the zero address clears previous approvals.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The caller must own the token or be an approved operator.
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) external;

    /**
     * @dev Approve or remove `operator` as an operator for the caller.
     * Operators can call {transferFrom} or {safeTransferFrom} for any token owned by the caller.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The `operator` cannot be the caller.
     *
     * Emits an {ApprovalForAll} event.
     */
    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool _approved) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the account approved for `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address operator);

    /**
     * @dev Returns if the `operator` is allowed to manage all of the assets of `owner`.
     *
     * See {setApprovalForAll}
     */
    function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// ERC721A Contracts v4.2.3
// Creator: Chiru Labs

pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

/**
 * @dev Interface of ERC721A.
 */
interface IERC721A {
    /**
     * The caller must own the token or be an approved operator.
     */
    error ApprovalCallerNotOwnerNorApproved();

    /**
     * The token does not exist.
     */
    error ApprovalQueryForNonexistentToken();

    /**
     * Cannot query the balance for the zero address.
     */
    error BalanceQueryForZeroAddress();

    /**
     * Cannot mint to the zero address.
     */
    error MintToZeroAddress();

    /**
     * The quantity of tokens minted must be more than zero.
     */
    error MintZeroQuantity();

    /**
     * The token does not exist.
     */
    error OwnerQueryForNonexistentToken();

    /**
     * The caller must own the token or be an approved operator.
     */
    error TransferCallerNotOwnerNorApproved();

    /**
     * The token must be owned by `from`.
     */
    error TransferFromIncorrectOwner();

    /**
     * Cannot safely transfer to a contract that does not implement the
     * ERC721Receiver interface.
     */
    error TransferToNonERC721ReceiverImplementer();

    /**
     * Cannot transfer to the zero address.
     */
    error TransferToZeroAddress();

    /**
     * The token does not exist.
     */
    error URIQueryForNonexistentToken();

    /**
     * The `quantity` minted with ERC2309 exceeds the safety limit.
     */
    error MintERC2309QuantityExceedsLimit();

    /**
     * The `extraData` cannot be set on an unintialized ownership slot.
     */
    error OwnershipNotInitializedForExtraData();

    // =============================================================
    //                            STRUCTS
    // =============================================================

    struct TokenOwnership {
        // The address of the owner.
        address addr;
        // Stores the start time of ownership with minimal overhead for tokenomics.
        uint64 startTimestamp;
        // Whether the token has been burned.
        bool burned;
        // Arbitrary data similar to `startTimestamp` that can be set via {_extraData}.
        uint24 extraData;
    }

    // =============================================================
    //                         TOKEN COUNTERS
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns the total number of tokens in existence.
     * Burned tokens will reduce the count.
     * To get the total number of tokens minted, please see {_totalMinted}.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    // =============================================================
    //                            IERC165
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * [EIP section](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified)
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);

    // =============================================================
    //                            IERC721
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `tokenId` token is transferred from `from` to `to`.
     */
    event Transfer(
        address indexed from,
        address indexed to,
        uint256 indexed tokenId
    );

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `owner` enables `approved` to manage the `tokenId` token.
     */
    event Approval(
        address indexed owner,
        address indexed approved,
        uint256 indexed tokenId
    );

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `owner` enables or disables
     * (`approved`) `operator` to manage all of its assets.
     */
    event ApprovalForAll(
        address indexed owner,
        address indexed operator,
        bool approved
    );

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of tokens in `owner`'s account.
     */
    function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256 balance);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the owner of the `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address owner);

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`,
     * checking first that contract recipients are aware of the ERC721 protocol
     * to prevent tokens from being forever locked.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be have been allowed to move
     * this token by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement
     * {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external payable;

    /**
     * @dev Equivalent to `safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, '')`.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) external payable;

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `tokenId` from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * WARNING: Usage of this method is discouraged, use {safeTransferFrom}
     * whenever possible.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be approved to move this token
     * by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId
    ) external payable;

    /**
     * @dev Gives permission to `to` to transfer `tokenId` token to another account.
     * The approval is cleared when the token is transferred.
     *
     * Only a single account can be approved at a time, so approving the
     * zero address clears previous approvals.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The caller must own the token or be an approved operator.
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) external payable;

    /**
     * @dev Approve or remove `operator` as an operator for the caller.
     * Operators can call {transferFrom} or {safeTransferFrom}
     * for any token owned by the caller.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The `operator` cannot be the caller.
     *
     * Emits an {ApprovalForAll} event.
     */
    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool _approved) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the account approved for `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function getApproved(
        uint256 tokenId
    ) external view returns (address operator);

    /**
     * @dev Returns if the `operator` is allowed to manage all of the assets of `owner`.
     *
     * See {setApprovalForAll}.
     */
    function isApprovedForAll(
        address owner,
        address operator
    ) external view returns (bool);

    // =============================================================
    //                        IERC721Metadata
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Returns the token collection name.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the token collection symbol.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) for `tokenId` token.
     */
    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (string memory);

    // =============================================================
    //                           IERC2309
    // =============================================================

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when tokens in `fromTokenId` to `toTokenId`
     * (inclusive) is transferred from `from` to `to`, as defined in the
     * [ERC2309](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2309) standard.
     *
     * See {_mintERC2309} for more details.
     */
    event ConsecutiveTransfer(
        uint256 indexed fromTokenId,
        uint256 toTokenId,
        address indexed from,
        address indexed to
    );
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// ERC721A Contracts v4.2.3
// Creator: Chiru Labs

pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

import "../common/IERC721A.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface of ERC721AQueryable.
 */
interface IERC721AQueryable is IERC721A {
    /**
     * Invalid query range (`start` >= `stop`).
     */
    error InvalidQueryRange();

    /**
     * @dev Returns the `TokenOwnership` struct at `tokenId` without reverting.
     *
     * If the `tokenId` is out of bounds:
     *
     * - `addr = address(0)`
     * - `startTimestamp = 0`
     * - `burned = false`
     * - `extraData = 0`
     *
     * If the `tokenId` is burned:
     *
     * - `addr = <Address of owner before token was burned>`
     * - `startTimestamp = <Timestamp when token was burned>`
     * - `burned = true`
     * - `extraData = <Extra data when token was burned>`
     *
     * Otherwise:
     *
     * - `addr = <Address of owner>`
     * - `startTimestamp = <Timestamp of start of ownership>`
     * - `burned = false`
     * - `extraData = <Extra data at start of ownership>`
     */
    function explicitOwnershipOf(
        uint256 tokenId
    ) external view returns (TokenOwnership memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns an array of `TokenOwnership` structs at `tokenIds` in order.
     * See {ERC721AQueryable-explicitOwnershipOf}
     */
    function explicitOwnershipsOf(
        uint256[] memory tokenIds
    ) external view returns (TokenOwnership[] memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns an array of token IDs owned by `owner`,
     * in the range [`start`, `stop`)
     * (i.e. `start <= tokenId < stop`).
     *
     * This function allows for tokens to be queried if the collection
     * grows too big for a single call of {ERC721AQueryable-tokensOfOwner}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `start < stop`
     */
    function tokensOfOwnerIn(
        address owner,
        uint256 start,
        uint256 stop
    ) external view returns (uint256[] memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns an array of token IDs owned by `owner`.
     *
     * This function scans the ownership mapping and is O(`totalSupply`) in complexity.
     * It is meant to be called off-chain.
     *
     * See {ERC721AQueryable-tokensOfOwnerIn} for splitting the scan into
     * multiple smaller scans if the collection is large enough to cause
     * an out-of-gas error (10K collections should be fine).
     */
    function tokensOfOwner(
        address owner
    ) external view returns (uint256[] memory);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.13;

interface IOperatorFilterRegistry {
    function isOperatorAllowed(address registrant, address operator) external view returns (bool);
    function register(address registrant) external;
    function registerAndSubscribe(address registrant, address subscription) external;
    function registerAndCopyEntries(address registrant, address registrantToCopy) external;
    function unregister(address addr) external;
    function updateOperator(address registrant, address operator, bool filtered) external;
    function updateOperators(address registrant, address[] calldata operators, bool filtered) external;
    function updateCodeHash(address registrant, bytes32 codehash, bool filtered) external;
    function updateCodeHashes(address registrant, bytes32[] calldata codeHashes, bool filtered) external;
    function subscribe(address registrant, address registrantToSubscribe) external;
    function unsubscribe(address registrant, bool copyExistingEntries) external;
    function subscriptionOf(address addr) external returns (address registrant);
    function subscribers(address registrant) external returns (address[] memory);
    function subscriberAt(address registrant, uint256 index) external returns (address);
    function copyEntriesOf(address registrant, address registrantToCopy) external;
    function isOperatorFiltered(address registrant, address operator) external returns (bool);
    function isCodeHashOfFiltered(address registrant, address operatorWithCode) external returns (bool);
    function isCodeHashFiltered(address registrant, bytes32 codeHash) external returns (bool);
    function filteredOperators(address addr) external returns (address[] memory);
    function filteredCodeHashes(address addr) external returns (bytes32[] memory);
    function filteredOperatorAt(address registrant, uint256 index) external returns (address);
    function filteredCodeHashAt(address registrant, uint256 index) external returns (bytes32);
    function isRegistered(address addr) external returns (bool);
    function codeHashOf(address addr) external returns (bytes32);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (utils/math/Math.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library Math {
    enum Rounding {
        Down, // Toward negative infinity
        Up, // Toward infinity
        Zero // Toward zero
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
     */
    function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a > b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
     */
    function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
     * zero.
     */
    function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b) / 2 can overflow.
        return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers.
     *
     * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds up instead
     * of rounding down.
     */
    function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b - 1) / b can overflow on addition, so we distribute.
        return a == 0 ? 0 : (a - 1) / b + 1;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or denominator == 0
     * @dev Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv)
     * with further edits by Uniswap Labs also under MIT license.
     */
    function mulDiv(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2^256 and mod 2^256 - 1, then use
            // use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
            // variables such that product = prod1 * 2^256 + prod0.
            uint256 prod0; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
            uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
            assembly {
                let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
                prod0 := mul(x, y)
                prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
            }

            // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
            if (prod1 == 0) {
                return prod0 / denominator;
            }

            // Make sure the result is less than 2^256. Also prevents denominator == 0.
            require(denominator > prod1);

            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // 512 by 256 division.
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////

            // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
            uint256 remainder;
            assembly {
                // Compute remainder using mulmod.
                remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)

                // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
                prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
                prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
            }

            // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator. Always >= 1.
            // See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.

            // Does not overflow because the denominator cannot be zero at this stage in the function.
            uint256 twos = denominator & (~denominator + 1);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by twos.
                denominator := div(denominator, twos)

                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos.
                prod0 := div(prod0, twos)

                // Flip twos such that it is 2^256 / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one.
                twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1)
            }

            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * twos;

            // Invert denominator mod 2^256. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2^256 such
            // that denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^256. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^4.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;

            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also works
            // in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^8
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^16
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^32
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^64
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^128
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^256

            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2^256. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2^256, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function mulDiv(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator,
        Rounding rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = mulDiv(x, y, denominator);
        if (rounding == Rounding.Up && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0) {
            result += 1;
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the square root of a number. If the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded down.
     *
     * Inspired by Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s "Hacker's Delight" (Chapter 11).
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        // For our first guess, we get the biggest power of 2 which is smaller than the square root of the target.
        //
        // We know that the "msb" (most significant bit) of our target number `a` is a power of 2 such that we have
        // `msb(a) <= a < 2*msb(a)`. This value can be written `msb(a)=2**k` with `k=log2(a)`.
        //
        // This can be rewritten `2**log2(a) <= a < 2**(log2(a) + 1)`
        // → `sqrt(2**k) <= sqrt(a) < sqrt(2**(k+1))`
        // → `2**(k/2) <= sqrt(a) < 2**((k+1)/2) <= 2**(k/2 + 1)`
        //
        // Consequently, `2**(log2(a) / 2)` is a good first approximation of `sqrt(a)` with at least 1 correct bit.
        uint256 result = 1 << (log2(a) >> 1);

        // At this point `result` is an estimation with one bit of precision. We know the true value is a uint128,
        // since it is the square root of a uint256. Newton's method converges quadratically (precision doubles at
        // every iteration). We thus need at most 7 iteration to turn our partial result with one bit of precision
        // into the expected uint128 result.
        unchecked {
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            return min(result, a / result);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = sqrt(a);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && result * result < a ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2, rounded down, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >> 128 > 0) {
                value >>= 128;
                result += 128;
            }
            if (value >> 64 > 0) {
                value >>= 64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >> 32 > 0) {
                value >>= 32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >> 16 > 0) {
                value >>= 16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >> 8 > 0) {
                value >>= 8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >> 4 > 0) {
                value >>= 4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >> 2 > 0) {
                value >>= 2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >> 1 > 0) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log2(value);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && 1 << result < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, rounded down, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >= 10**64) {
                value /= 10**64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >= 10**32) {
                value /= 10**32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >= 10**16) {
                value /= 10**16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >= 10**8) {
                value /= 10**8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >= 10**4) {
                value /= 10**4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >= 10**2) {
                value /= 10**2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >= 10**1) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log10(value);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && 10**result < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256, rounded down, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     *
     * Adding one to the result gives the number of pairs of hex symbols needed to represent `value` as a hex string.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >> 128 > 0) {
                value >>= 128;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >> 64 > 0) {
                value >>= 64;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >> 32 > 0) {
                value >>= 32;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >> 16 > 0) {
                value >>= 16;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >> 8 > 0) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log256(value);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && 1 << (result * 8) < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.13;

import {IOperatorFilterRegistry} from "./IOperatorFilterRegistry.sol";

/**
 * @title  OperatorFilterer
 * @notice Abstract contract whose constructor automatically registers and optionally subscribes to or copies another
 *         registrant's entries in the OperatorFilterRegistry.
 * @dev    This smart contract is meant to be inherited by token contracts so they can use the following:
 *         - `onlyAllowedOperator` modifier for `transferFrom` and `safeTransferFrom` methods.
 *         - `onlyAllowedOperatorApproval` modifier for `approve` and `setApprovalForAll` methods.
 */
abstract contract OperatorFilterer {
    error OperatorNotAllowed(address operator);

    IOperatorFilterRegistry public constant OPERATOR_FILTER_REGISTRY =
        IOperatorFilterRegistry(0x000000000000AAeB6D7670E522A718067333cd4E);

    constructor(address subscriptionOrRegistrantToCopy, bool subscribe) {
        // If an inheriting token contract is deployed to a network without the registry deployed, the modifier
        // will not revert, but the contract will need to be registered with the registry once it is deployed in
        // order for the modifier to filter addresses.
        if (address(OPERATOR_FILTER_REGISTRY).code.length > 0) {
            if (subscribe) {
                OPERATOR_FILTER_REGISTRY.registerAndSubscribe(address(this), subscriptionOrRegistrantToCopy);
            } else {
                if (subscriptionOrRegistrantToCopy != address(0)) {
                    OPERATOR_FILTER_REGISTRY.registerAndCopyEntries(address(this), subscriptionOrRegistrantToCopy);
                } else {
                    OPERATOR_FILTER_REGISTRY.register(address(this));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    modifier onlyAllowedOperator(address from) virtual {
        // Allow spending tokens from addresses with balance
        // Note that this still allows listings and marketplaces with escrow to transfer tokens if transferred
        // from an EOA.
        if (from != msg.sender) {
            _checkFilterOperator(msg.sender);
        }
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyAllowedOperatorApproval(address operator) virtual {
        _checkFilterOperator(operator);
        _;
    }

    function _checkFilterOperator(address operator) internal view virtual {
        // Check registry code length to facilitate testing in environments without a deployed registry.
        if (address(OPERATOR_FILTER_REGISTRY).code.length > 0) {
            if (!OPERATOR_FILTER_REGISTRY.isOperatorAllowed(address(this), operator)) {
                revert OperatorNotAllowed(operator);
            }
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (access/Ownable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../utils/Context.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module which provides a basic access control mechanism, where
 * there is an account (an owner) that can be granted exclusive access to
 * specific functions.
 *
 * By default, the owner account will be the one that deploys the contract. This
 * can later be changed with {transferOwnership}.
 *
 * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the modifier
 * `onlyOwner`, which can be applied to your functions to restrict their use to
 * the owner.
 */
abstract contract Ownable is Context {
    address private _owner;

    event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract setting the deployer as the initial owner.
     */
    constructor() {
        _transferOwnership(_msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
     */
    modifier onlyOwner() {
        _checkOwner();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address of the current owner.
     */
    function owner() public view virtual returns (address) {
        return _owner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if the sender is not the owner.
     */
    function _checkOwner() internal view virtual {
        require(owner() == _msgSender(), "Ownable: caller is not the owner");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Leaves the contract without owner. It will not be possible to call
     * `onlyOwner` functions anymore. Can only be called by the current owner.
     *
     * NOTE: Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner,
     * thereby removing any functionality that is only available to the owner.
     */
    function renounceOwnership() public virtual onlyOwner {
        _transferOwnership(address(0));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
     * Can only be called by the current owner.
     */
    function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public virtual onlyOwner {
        require(newOwner != address(0), "Ownable: new owner is the zero address");
        _transferOwnership(newOwner);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     */
    function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal virtual {
        address oldOwner = _owner;
        _owner = newOwner;
        emit OwnershipTransferred(oldOwner, newOwner);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicense
pragma solidity >=0.8.4;

/// @notice Emitted when the result overflows uint256.
error PRBMath__MulDivFixedPointOverflow(uint256 prod1);

/// @notice Emitted when the result overflows uint256.
error PRBMath__MulDivOverflow(uint256 prod1, uint256 denominator);

/// @notice Emitted when one of the inputs is type(int256).min.
error PRBMath__MulDivSignedInputTooSmall();

/// @notice Emitted when the intermediary absolute result overflows int256.
error PRBMath__MulDivSignedOverflow(uint256 rAbs);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is MIN_SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__AbsInputTooSmall();

/// @notice Emitted when ceiling a number overflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__CeilOverflow(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when one of the inputs is MIN_SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__DivInputTooSmall();

/// @notice Emitted when one of the intermediary unsigned results overflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__DivOverflow(uint256 rAbs);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is greater than 133.084258667509499441.
error PRBMathSD59x18__ExpInputTooBig(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is greater than 192.
error PRBMathSD59x18__Exp2InputTooBig(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when flooring a number underflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__FloorUnderflow(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when converting a basic integer to the fixed-point format overflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__FromIntOverflow(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when converting a basic integer to the fixed-point format underflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__FromIntUnderflow(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when the product of the inputs is negative.
error PRBMathSD59x18__GmNegativeProduct(int256 x, int256 y);

/// @notice Emitted when multiplying the inputs overflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__GmOverflow(int256 x, int256 y);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is less than or equal to zero.
error PRBMathSD59x18__LogInputTooSmall(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when one of the inputs is MIN_SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__MulInputTooSmall();

/// @notice Emitted when the intermediary absolute result overflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__MulOverflow(uint256 rAbs);

/// @notice Emitted when the intermediary absolute result overflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__PowuOverflow(uint256 rAbs);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is negative.
error PRBMathSD59x18__SqrtNegativeInput(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when the calculating the square root overflows SD59x18.
error PRBMathSD59x18__SqrtOverflow(int256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when addition overflows UD60x18.
error PRBMathUD60x18__AddOverflow(uint256 x, uint256 y);

/// @notice Emitted when ceiling a number overflows UD60x18.
error PRBMathUD60x18__CeilOverflow(uint256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is greater than 133.084258667509499441.
error PRBMathUD60x18__ExpInputTooBig(uint256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is greater than 192.
error PRBMathUD60x18__Exp2InputTooBig(uint256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when converting a basic integer to the fixed-point format format overflows UD60x18.
error PRBMathUD60x18__FromUintOverflow(uint256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when multiplying the inputs overflows UD60x18.
error PRBMathUD60x18__GmOverflow(uint256 x, uint256 y);

/// @notice Emitted when the input is less than 1.
error PRBMathUD60x18__LogInputTooSmall(uint256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when the calculating the square root overflows UD60x18.
error PRBMathUD60x18__SqrtOverflow(uint256 x);

/// @notice Emitted when subtraction underflows UD60x18.
error PRBMathUD60x18__SubUnderflow(uint256 x, uint256 y);

/// @dev Common mathematical functions used in both PRBMathSD59x18 and PRBMathUD60x18. Note that this shared library
/// does not always assume the signed 59.18-decimal fixed-point or the unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point
/// representation. When it does not, it is explicitly mentioned in the NatSpec documentation.
library PRBMath {
    /// STRUCTS ///

    struct SD59x18 {
        int256 value;
    }

    struct UD60x18 {
        uint256 value;
    }

    /// STORAGE ///

    /// @dev How many trailing decimals can be represented.
    uint256 internal constant SCALE = 1e18;

    /// @dev Largest power of two divisor of SCALE.
    uint256 internal constant SCALE_LPOTD = 262144;

    /// @dev SCALE inverted mod 2^256.
    uint256 internal constant SCALE_INVERSE =
        78156646155174841979727994598816262306175212592076161876661_508869554232690281;

    /// FUNCTIONS ///

    /// @notice Calculates the binary exponent of x using the binary fraction method.
    /// @dev Has to use 192.64-bit fixed-point numbers.
    /// See https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/a/96594/24693.
    /// @param x The exponent as an unsigned 192.64-bit fixed-point number.
    /// @return result The result as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function exp2(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // Start from 0.5 in the 192.64-bit fixed-point format.
            result = 0x800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000;

            // Multiply the result by root(2, 2^-i) when the bit at position i is 1. None of the intermediary results overflows
            // because the initial result is 2^191 and all magic factors are less than 2^65.
            if (x & 0x8000000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x16A09E667F3BCC909) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x4000000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1306FE0A31B7152DF) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x2000000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1172B83C7D517ADCE) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x1000000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10B5586CF9890F62A) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x800000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1059B0D31585743AE) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x400000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x102C9A3E778060EE7) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x200000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10163DA9FB33356D8) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x100000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100B1AFA5ABCBED61) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x80000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10058C86DA1C09EA2) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x40000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1002C605E2E8CEC50) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x20000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100162F3904051FA1) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x10000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000B175EFFDC76BA) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x8000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100058BA01FB9F96D) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x4000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10002C5CC37DA9492) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x2000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000162E525EE0547) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x1000000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000B17255775C04) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x800000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000058B91B5BC9AE) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x400000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100002C5C89D5EC6D) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x200000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000162E43F4F831) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x100000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000B1721BCFC9A) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x80000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000058B90CF1E6E) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x40000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000002C5C863B73F) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x20000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000162E430E5A2) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x10000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000B172183551) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x8000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000058B90C0B49) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x4000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000002C5C8601CC) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x2000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000162E42FFF0) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x1000000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000B17217FBB) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x800000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000058B90BFCE) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x400000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000002C5C85FE3) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x200000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000162E42FF1) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x100000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000B17217F8) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x80000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000058B90BFC) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x40000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000002C5C85FE) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x20000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000162E42FF) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x10000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000B17217F) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x8000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000058B90C0) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x4000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000002C5C860) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x2000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000162E430) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x1000000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000B17218) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x800000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000058B90C) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x400000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000002C5C86) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x200000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000162E43) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x100000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000000B1721) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x80000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000058B91) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x40000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000002C5C8) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x20000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000000162E4) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x10000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000000B172) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x8000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000000058B9) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x4000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000002C5D) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x2000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000000162E) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x1000 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000B17) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x800 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000000058C) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x400 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000000002C6) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x200 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000163) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x100 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x100000000000000B1) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x80 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000059) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x40 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000000002C) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x20 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000016) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x10 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x1000000000000000B) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x8 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000006) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x4 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000003) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x2 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000001) >> 64;
            }
            if (x & 0x1 > 0) {
                result = (result * 0x10000000000000001) >> 64;
            }

            // We're doing two things at the same time:
            //
            //   1. Multiply the result by 2^n + 1, where "2^n" is the integer part and the one is added to account for
            //      the fact that we initially set the result to 0.5. This is accomplished by subtracting from 191
            //      rather than 192.
            //   2. Convert the result to the unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point format.
            //
            // This works because 2^(191-ip) = 2^ip / 2^191, where "ip" is the integer part "2^n".
            result *= SCALE;
            result >>= (191 - (x >> 64));
        }
    }

    /// @notice Finds the zero-based index of the first one in the binary representation of x.
    /// @dev See the note on msb in the "Find First Set" Wikipedia article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_first_set
    /// @param x The uint256 number for which to find the index of the most significant bit.
    /// @return msb The index of the most significant bit as an uint256.
    function mostSignificantBit(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 msb) {
        if (x >= 2**128) {
            x >>= 128;
            msb += 128;
        }
        if (x >= 2**64) {
            x >>= 64;
            msb += 64;
        }
        if (x >= 2**32) {
            x >>= 32;
            msb += 32;
        }
        if (x >= 2**16) {
            x >>= 16;
            msb += 16;
        }
        if (x >= 2**8) {
            x >>= 8;
            msb += 8;
        }
        if (x >= 2**4) {
            x >>= 4;
            msb += 4;
        }
        if (x >= 2**2) {
            x >>= 2;
            msb += 2;
        }
        if (x >= 2**1) {
            // No need to shift x any more.
            msb += 1;
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates floor(x*y÷denominator) with full precision.
    ///
    /// @dev Credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - The denominator cannot be zero.
    /// - The result must fit within uint256.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - This function does not work with fixed-point numbers.
    ///
    /// @param x The multiplicand as an uint256.
    /// @param y The multiplier as an uint256.
    /// @param denominator The divisor as an uint256.
    /// @return result The result as an uint256.
    function mulDiv(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2^256 and mod 2^256 - 1, then use
        // use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
        // variables such that product = prod1 * 2^256 + prod0.
        uint256 prod0; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
        uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
        assembly {
            let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
            prod0 := mul(x, y)
            prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
        }

        // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
        if (prod1 == 0) {
            unchecked {
                result = prod0 / denominator;
            }
            return result;
        }

        // Make sure the result is less than 2^256. Also prevents denominator == 0.
        if (prod1 >= denominator) {
            revert PRBMath__MulDivOverflow(prod1, denominator);
        }

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////
        // 512 by 256 division.
        ///////////////////////////////////////////////

        // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
        uint256 remainder;
        assembly {
            // Compute remainder using mulmod.
            remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)

            // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
            prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
            prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
        }

        // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator. Always >= 1.
        // See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.
        unchecked {
            // Does not overflow because the denominator cannot be zero at this stage in the function.
            uint256 lpotdod = denominator & (~denominator + 1);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by lpotdod.
                denominator := div(denominator, lpotdod)

                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by lpotdod.
                prod0 := div(prod0, lpotdod)

                // Flip lpotdod such that it is 2^256 / lpotdod. If lpotdod is zero, then it becomes one.
                lpotdod := add(div(sub(0, lpotdod), lpotdod), 1)
            }

            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * lpotdod;

            // Invert denominator mod 2^256. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2^256 such
            // that denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^256. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^4.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;

            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also works
            // in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^8
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^16
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^32
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^64
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^128
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^256

            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2^256. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2^256, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates floor(x*y÷1e18) with full precision.
    ///
    /// @dev Variant of "mulDiv" with constant folding, i.e. in which the denominator is always 1e18. Before returning the
    /// final result, we add 1 if (x * y) % SCALE >= HALF_SCALE. Without this, 6.6e-19 would be truncated to 0 instead of
    /// being rounded to 1e-18.  See "Listing 6" and text above it at https://accu.org/index.php/journals/1717.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - The result must fit within uint256.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - The body is purposely left uncommented; see the NatSpec comments in "PRBMath.mulDiv" to understand how this works.
    /// - It is assumed that the result can never be type(uint256).max when x and y solve the following two equations:
    ///     1. x * y = type(uint256).max * SCALE
    ///     2. (x * y) % SCALE >= SCALE / 2
    ///
    /// @param x The multiplicand as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param y The multiplier as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @return result The result as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function mulDivFixedPoint(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        uint256 prod0;
        uint256 prod1;
        assembly {
            let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
            prod0 := mul(x, y)
            prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
        }

        if (prod1 >= SCALE) {
            revert PRBMath__MulDivFixedPointOverflow(prod1);
        }

        uint256 remainder;
        uint256 roundUpUnit;
        assembly {
            remainder := mulmod(x, y, SCALE)
            roundUpUnit := gt(remainder, 499999999999999999)
        }

        if (prod1 == 0) {
            unchecked {
                result = (prod0 / SCALE) + roundUpUnit;
                return result;
            }
        }

        assembly {
            result := add(
                mul(
                    or(
                        div(sub(prod0, remainder), SCALE_LPOTD),
                        mul(sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0)), add(div(sub(0, SCALE_LPOTD), SCALE_LPOTD), 1))
                    ),
                    SCALE_INVERSE
                ),
                roundUpUnit
            )
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates floor(x*y÷denominator) with full precision.
    ///
    /// @dev An extension of "mulDiv" for signed numbers. Works by computing the signs and the absolute values separately.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - None of the inputs can be type(int256).min.
    /// - The result must fit within int256.
    ///
    /// @param x The multiplicand as an int256.
    /// @param y The multiplier as an int256.
    /// @param denominator The divisor as an int256.
    /// @return result The result as an int256.
    function mulDivSigned(
        int256 x,
        int256 y,
        int256 denominator
    ) internal pure returns (int256 result) {
        if (x == type(int256).min || y == type(int256).min || denominator == type(int256).min) {
            revert PRBMath__MulDivSignedInputTooSmall();
        }

        // Get hold of the absolute values of x, y and the denominator.
        uint256 ax;
        uint256 ay;
        uint256 ad;
        unchecked {
            ax = x < 0 ? uint256(-x) : uint256(x);
            ay = y < 0 ? uint256(-y) : uint256(y);
            ad = denominator < 0 ? uint256(-denominator) : uint256(denominator);
        }

        // Compute the absolute value of (x*y)÷denominator. The result must fit within int256.
        uint256 rAbs = mulDiv(ax, ay, ad);
        if (rAbs > uint256(type(int256).max)) {
            revert PRBMath__MulDivSignedOverflow(rAbs);
        }

        // Get the signs of x, y and the denominator.
        uint256 sx;
        uint256 sy;
        uint256 sd;
        assembly {
            sx := sgt(x, sub(0, 1))
            sy := sgt(y, sub(0, 1))
            sd := sgt(denominator, sub(0, 1))
        }

        // XOR over sx, sy and sd. This is checking whether there are one or three negative signs in the inputs.
        // If yes, the result should be negative.
        result = sx ^ sy ^ sd == 0 ? -int256(rAbs) : int256(rAbs);
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the square root of x, rounding down.
    /// @dev Uses the Babylonian method https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_computing_square_roots#Babylonian_method.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - This function does not work with fixed-point numbers.
    ///
    /// @param x The uint256 number for which to calculate the square root.
    /// @return result The result as an uint256.
    function sqrt(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        if (x == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        // Set the initial guess to the least power of two that is greater than or equal to sqrt(x).
        uint256 xAux = uint256(x);
        result = 1;
        if (xAux >= 0x100000000000000000000000000000000) {
            xAux >>= 128;
            result <<= 64;
        }
        if (xAux >= 0x10000000000000000) {
            xAux >>= 64;
            result <<= 32;
        }
        if (xAux >= 0x100000000) {
            xAux >>= 32;
            result <<= 16;
        }
        if (xAux >= 0x10000) {
            xAux >>= 16;
            result <<= 8;
        }
        if (xAux >= 0x100) {
            xAux >>= 8;
            result <<= 4;
        }
        if (xAux >= 0x10) {
            xAux >>= 4;
            result <<= 2;
        }
        if (xAux >= 0x8) {
            result <<= 1;
        }

        // The operations can never overflow because the result is max 2^127 when it enters this block.
        unchecked {
            result = (result + x / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + x / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + x / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + x / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + x / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + x / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + x / result) >> 1; // Seven iterations should be enough
            uint256 roundedDownResult = x / result;
            return result >= roundedDownResult ? roundedDownResult : result;
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicense
pragma solidity >=0.8.4;

import "./PRBMath.sol";

/// @title PRBMathUD60x18
/// @author Paul Razvan Berg
/// @notice Smart contract library for advanced fixed-point math that works with uint256 numbers considered to have 18
/// trailing decimals. We call this number representation unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point, since there can be up to 60
/// digits in the integer part and up to 18 decimals in the fractional part. The numbers are bound by the minimum and the
/// maximum values permitted by the Solidity type uint256.
library PRBMathUD60x18 {
    /// @dev Half the SCALE number.
    uint256 internal constant HALF_SCALE = 5e17;

    /// @dev log2(e) as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    uint256 internal constant LOG2_E = 1_442695040888963407;

    /// @dev The maximum value an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number can have.
    uint256 internal constant MAX_UD60x18 =
        115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457_584007913129639935;

    /// @dev The maximum whole value an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number can have.
    uint256 internal constant MAX_WHOLE_UD60x18 =
        115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457_000000000000000000;

    /// @dev How many trailing decimals can be represented.
    uint256 internal constant SCALE = 1e18;

    /// @notice Calculates the arithmetic average of x and y, rounding down.
    /// @param x The first operand as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param y The second operand as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @return result The arithmetic average as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function avg(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        // The operations can never overflow.
        unchecked {
            // The last operand checks if both x and y are odd and if that is the case, we add 1 to the result. We need
            // to do this because if both numbers are odd, the 0.5 remainder gets truncated twice.
            result = (x >> 1) + (y >> 1) + (x & y & 1);
        }
    }

    /// @notice Yields the least unsigned 60.18 decimal fixed-point number greater than or equal to x.
    ///
    /// @dev Optimized for fractional value inputs, because for every whole value there are (1e18 - 1) fractional counterparts.
    /// See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - x must be less than or equal to MAX_WHOLE_UD60x18.
    ///
    /// @param x The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number to ceil.
    /// @param result The least integer greater than or equal to x, as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function ceil(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        if (x > MAX_WHOLE_UD60x18) {
            revert PRBMathUD60x18__CeilOverflow(x);
        }
        assembly {
            // Equivalent to "x % SCALE" but faster.
            let remainder := mod(x, SCALE)

            // Equivalent to "SCALE - remainder" but faster.
            let delta := sub(SCALE, remainder)

            // Equivalent to "x + delta * (remainder > 0 ? 1 : 0)" but faster.
            result := add(x, mul(delta, gt(remainder, 0)))
        }
    }

    /// @notice Divides two unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point numbers, returning a new unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    ///
    /// @dev Uses mulDiv to enable overflow-safe multiplication and division.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - The denominator cannot be zero.
    ///
    /// @param x The numerator as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param y The denominator as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param result The quotient as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function div(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        result = PRBMath.mulDiv(x, SCALE, y);
    }

    /// @notice Returns Euler's number as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @dev See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant).
    function e() internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        result = 2_718281828459045235;
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the natural exponent of x.
    ///
    /// @dev Based on the insight that e^x = 2^(x * log2(e)).
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - All from "log2".
    /// - x must be less than 133.084258667509499441.
    ///
    /// @param x The exponent as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @return result The result as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function exp(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        // Without this check, the value passed to "exp2" would be greater than 192.
        if (x >= 133_084258667509499441) {
            revert PRBMathUD60x18__ExpInputTooBig(x);
        }

        // Do the fixed-point multiplication inline to save gas.
        unchecked {
            uint256 doubleScaleProduct = x * LOG2_E;
            result = exp2((doubleScaleProduct + HALF_SCALE) / SCALE);
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the binary exponent of x using the binary fraction method.
    ///
    /// @dev See https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/q/79903/24693.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - x must be 192 or less.
    /// - The result must fit within MAX_UD60x18.
    ///
    /// @param x The exponent as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @return result The result as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function exp2(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        // 2^192 doesn't fit within the 192.64-bit format used internally in this function.
        if (x >= 192e18) {
            revert PRBMathUD60x18__Exp2InputTooBig(x);
        }

        unchecked {
            // Convert x to the 192.64-bit fixed-point format.
            uint256 x192x64 = (x << 64) / SCALE;

            // Pass x to the PRBMath.exp2 function, which uses the 192.64-bit fixed-point number representation.
            result = PRBMath.exp2(x192x64);
        }
    }

    /// @notice Yields the greatest unsigned 60.18 decimal fixed-point number less than or equal to x.
    /// @dev Optimized for fractional value inputs, because for every whole value there are (1e18 - 1) fractional counterparts.
    /// See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions.
    /// @param x The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number to floor.
    /// @param result The greatest integer less than or equal to x, as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function floor(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        assembly {
            // Equivalent to "x % SCALE" but faster.
            let remainder := mod(x, SCALE)

            // Equivalent to "x - remainder * (remainder > 0 ? 1 : 0)" but faster.
            result := sub(x, mul(remainder, gt(remainder, 0)))
        }
    }

    /// @notice Yields the excess beyond the floor of x.
    /// @dev Based on the odd function definition https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_part.
    /// @param x The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number to get the fractional part of.
    /// @param result The fractional part of x as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function frac(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        assembly {
            result := mod(x, SCALE)
        }
    }

    /// @notice Converts a number from basic integer form to unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point representation.
    ///
    /// @dev Requirements:
    /// - x must be less than or equal to MAX_UD60x18 divided by SCALE.
    ///
    /// @param x The basic integer to convert.
    /// @param result The same number in unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point representation.
    function fromUint(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (x > MAX_UD60x18 / SCALE) {
                revert PRBMathUD60x18__FromUintOverflow(x);
            }
            result = x * SCALE;
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates geometric mean of x and y, i.e. sqrt(x * y), rounding down.
    ///
    /// @dev Requirements:
    /// - x * y must fit within MAX_UD60x18, lest it overflows.
    ///
    /// @param x The first operand as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param y The second operand as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @return result The result as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function gm(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        if (x == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        unchecked {
            // Checking for overflow this way is faster than letting Solidity do it.
            uint256 xy = x * y;
            if (xy / x != y) {
                revert PRBMathUD60x18__GmOverflow(x, y);
            }

            // We don't need to multiply by the SCALE here because the x*y product had already picked up a factor of SCALE
            // during multiplication. See the comments within the "sqrt" function.
            result = PRBMath.sqrt(xy);
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates 1 / x, rounding toward zero.
    ///
    /// @dev Requirements:
    /// - x cannot be zero.
    ///
    /// @param x The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the inverse.
    /// @return result The inverse as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function inv(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 1e36 is SCALE * SCALE.
            result = 1e36 / x;
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the natural logarithm of x.
    ///
    /// @dev Based on the insight that ln(x) = log2(x) / log2(e).
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - All from "log2".
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - All from "log2".
    /// - This doesn't return exactly 1 for 2.718281828459045235, for that we would need more fine-grained precision.
    ///
    /// @param x The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the natural logarithm.
    /// @return result The natural logarithm as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function ln(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        // Do the fixed-point multiplication inline to save gas. This is overflow-safe because the maximum value that log2(x)
        // can return is 196205294292027477728.
        unchecked {
            result = (log2(x) * SCALE) / LOG2_E;
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the common logarithm of x.
    ///
    /// @dev First checks if x is an exact power of ten and it stops if yes. If it's not, calculates the common
    /// logarithm based on the insight that log10(x) = log2(x) / log2(10).
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - All from "log2".
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - All from "log2".
    ///
    /// @param x The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the common logarithm.
    /// @return result The common logarithm as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function log10(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        if (x < SCALE) {
            revert PRBMathUD60x18__LogInputTooSmall(x);
        }

        // Note that the "mul" in this block is the assembly multiplication operation, not the "mul" function defined
        // in this contract.
        // prettier-ignore
        assembly {
            switch x
            case 1 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(0, 18)) }
            case 10 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(1, 18)) }
            case 100 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(2, 18)) }
            case 1000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(3, 18)) }
            case 10000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(4, 18)) }
            case 100000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(5, 18)) }
            case 1000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(6, 18)) }
            case 10000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(7, 18)) }
            case 100000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(8, 18)) }
            case 1000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(9, 18)) }
            case 10000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(10, 18)) }
            case 100000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(11, 18)) }
            case 1000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(12, 18)) }
            case 10000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(13, 18)) }
            case 100000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(14, 18)) }
            case 1000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(15, 18)) }
            case 10000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(16, 18)) }
            case 100000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, sub(17, 18)) }
            case 1000000000000000000 { result := 0 }
            case 10000000000000000000 { result := SCALE }
            case 100000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 2) }
            case 1000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 3) }
            case 10000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 4) }
            case 100000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 5) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 6) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 7) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 8) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 9) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 10) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 11) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 12) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 13) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 14) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 15) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 16) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 17) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 18) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 19) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 20) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 21) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 22) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 23) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 24) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 25) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 26) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 27) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 28) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 29) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 30) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 31) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 32) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 33) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 34) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 35) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 36) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 37) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 38) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 39) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 40) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 41) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 42) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 43) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 44) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 45) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 46) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 47) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 48) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 49) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 50) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 51) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 52) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 53) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 54) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 55) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 56) }
            case 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 57) }
            case 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 58) }
            case 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 { result := mul(SCALE, 59) }
            default {
                result := MAX_UD60x18
            }
        }

        if (result == MAX_UD60x18) {
            // Do the fixed-point division inline to save gas. The denominator is log2(10).
            unchecked {
                result = (log2(x) * SCALE) / 3_321928094887362347;
            }
        }
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the binary logarithm of x.
    ///
    /// @dev Based on the iterative approximation algorithm.
    /// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_logarithm#Iterative_approximation
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - x must be greater than or equal to SCALE, otherwise the result would be negative.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - The results are nor perfectly accurate to the last decimal, due to the lossy precision of the iterative approximation.
    ///
    /// @param x The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the binary logarithm.
    /// @return result The binary logarithm as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function log2(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        if (x < SCALE) {
            revert PRBMathUD60x18__LogInputTooSmall(x);
        }
        unchecked {
            // Calculate the integer part of the logarithm and add it to the result and finally calculate y = x * 2^(-n).
            uint256 n = PRBMath.mostSignificantBit(x / SCALE);

            // The integer part of the logarithm as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. The operation can't overflow
            // because n is maximum 255 and SCALE is 1e18.
            result = n * SCALE;

            // This is y = x * 2^(-n).
            uint256 y = x >> n;

            // If y = 1, the fractional part is zero.
            if (y == SCALE) {
                return result;
            }

            // Calculate the fractional part via the iterative approximation.
            // The "delta >>= 1" part is equivalent to "delta /= 2", but shifting bits is faster.
            for (uint256 delta = HALF_SCALE; delta > 0; delta >>= 1) {
                y = (y * y) / SCALE;

                // Is y^2 > 2 and so in the range [2,4)?
                if (y >= 2 * SCALE) {
                    // Add the 2^(-m) factor to the logarithm.
                    result += delta;

                    // Corresponds to z/2 on Wikipedia.
                    y >>= 1;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// @notice Multiplies two unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point numbers together, returning a new unsigned 60.18-decimal
    /// fixed-point number.
    /// @dev See the documentation for the "PRBMath.mulDivFixedPoint" function.
    /// @param x The multiplicand as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param y The multiplier as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @return result The product as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function mul(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        result = PRBMath.mulDivFixedPoint(x, y);
    }

    /// @notice Returns PI as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function pi() internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        result = 3_141592653589793238;
    }

    /// @notice Raises x to the power of y.
    ///
    /// @dev Based on the insight that x^y = 2^(log2(x) * y).
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - All from "exp2", "log2" and "mul".
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - All from "exp2", "log2" and "mul".
    /// - Assumes 0^0 is 1.
    ///
    /// @param x Number to raise to given power y, as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param y Exponent to raise x to, as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @return result x raised to power y, as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function pow(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        if (x == 0) {
            result = y == 0 ? SCALE : uint256(0);
        } else {
            result = exp2(mul(log2(x), y));
        }
    }

    /// @notice Raises x (unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number) to the power of y (basic unsigned integer) using the
    /// famous algorithm "exponentiation by squaring".
    ///
    /// @dev See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - The result must fit within MAX_UD60x18.
    ///
    /// Caveats:
    /// - All from "mul".
    /// - Assumes 0^0 is 1.
    ///
    /// @param x The base as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    /// @param y The exponent as an uint256.
    /// @return result The result as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function powu(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        // Calculate the first iteration of the loop in advance.
        result = y & 1 > 0 ? x : SCALE;

        // Equivalent to "for(y /= 2; y > 0; y /= 2)" but faster.
        for (y >>= 1; y > 0; y >>= 1) {
            x = PRBMath.mulDivFixedPoint(x, x);

            // Equivalent to "y % 2 == 1" but faster.
            if (y & 1 > 0) {
                result = PRBMath.mulDivFixedPoint(result, x);
            }
        }
    }

    /// @notice Returns 1 as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
    function scale() internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        result = SCALE;
    }

    /// @notice Calculates the square root of x, rounding down.
    /// @dev Uses the Babylonian method https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_computing_square_roots#Babylonian_method.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    /// - x must be less than MAX_UD60x18 / SCALE.
    ///
    /// @param x The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the square root.
    /// @return result The result as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point .
    function sqrt(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (x > MAX_UD60x18 / SCALE) {
                revert PRBMathUD60x18__SqrtOverflow(x);
            }
            // Multiply x by the SCALE to account for the factor of SCALE that is picked up when multiplying two unsigned
            // 60.18-decimal fixed-point numbers together (in this case, those two numbers are both the square root).
            result = PRBMath.sqrt(x * SCALE);
        }
    }

    /// @notice Converts a unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number to basic integer form, rounding down in the process.
    /// @param x The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number to convert.
    /// @return result The same number in basic integer form.
    function toUint(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            result = x / SCALE;
        }
    }
}