// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (utils/Address.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.1;

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this function returns
     * false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a contract.
     *
     * Among others, `isContract` will return false for the following
     * types of addresses:
     *
     *  - an externally-owned account
     *  - a contract in construction
     *  - an address where a contract will be created
     *  - an address where a contract lived, but was destroyed
     *
     * Furthermore, `isContract` will also return true if the target contract within
     * the same transaction is already scheduled for destruction by `SELFDESTRUCT`,
     * which only has an effect at the end of a transaction.
     * ====
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * You shouldn't rely on `isContract` to protect against flash loan attacks!
     *
     * Preventing calls from contracts is highly discouraged. It breaks composability, breaks support for smart wallets
     * like Gnosis Safe, and does not provide security since it can be circumvented by calling from a contract
     * constructor.
     * ====
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // This method relies on extcodesize/address.code.length, which returns 0
        // for contracts in construction, since the code is only stored at the end
        // of the constructor execution.

        return account.code.length > 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://consensys.net/diligence/blog/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.8.0/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");

        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason, it is bubbled up by this
     * function (like regular Solidity function calls).
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, "Address: low-level call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`], but with
     * `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(address target, bytes memory data, uint256 value) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, value, "Address: low-level call with value failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCallWithValue-address-bytes-uint256-}[`functionCallWithValue`], but
     * with `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(address(this).balance >= value, "Address: insufficient balance for call");
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionStaticCall(target, data, "Address: low-level static call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionDelegateCall(target, data, "Address: low-level delegate call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call to smart-contract was successful, and revert (either by bubbling
     * the revert reason or using the provided one) in case of unsuccessful call or if target was not a contract.
     *
     * _Available since v4.8._
     */
    function verifyCallResultFromTarget(
        address target,
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            if (returndata.length == 0) {
                // only check isContract if the call was successful and the return data is empty
                // otherwise we already know that it was a contract
                require(isContract(target), "Address: call to non-contract");
            }
            return returndata;
        } else {
            _revert(returndata, errorMessage);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call was successful, and revert if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason or using the provided one.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function verifyCallResult(
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            return returndata;
        } else {
            _revert(returndata, errorMessage);
        }
    }

    function _revert(bytes memory returndata, string memory errorMessage) private pure {
        // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
            }
        } else {
            revert(errorMessage);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: LZBL-1.2

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

library AddressCast {
    error AddressCast_InvalidSizeForAddress();
    error AddressCast_InvalidAddress();

    function toBytes32(bytes calldata _addressBytes) internal pure returns (bytes32 result) {
        if (_addressBytes.length > 32) revert AddressCast_InvalidAddress();
        result = bytes32(_addressBytes);
        unchecked {
            uint256 offset = 32 - _addressBytes.length;
            result = result >> (offset * 8);
        }
    }

    function toBytes32(address _address) internal pure returns (bytes32 result) {
        result = bytes32(uint256(uint160(_address)));
    }

    function toBytes(bytes32 _addressBytes32, uint256 _size) internal pure returns (bytes memory result) {
        if (_size == 0 || _size > 32) revert AddressCast_InvalidSizeForAddress();
        result = new bytes(_size);
        unchecked {
            uint256 offset = 256 - _size * 8;
            assembly {
                mstore(add(result, 32), shl(offset, _addressBytes32))
            }
        }
    }

    function toAddress(bytes32 _addressBytes32) internal pure returns (address result) {
        result = address(uint160(uint256(_addressBytes32)));
    }

    function toAddress(bytes calldata _addressBytes) internal pure returns (address result) {
        if (_addressBytes.length != 20) revert AddressCast_InvalidAddress();
        result = address(bytes20(_addressBytes));
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity 0.8.22;

// Tapioca
import {BaseTapiocaOmnichainEngine} from "tapioca-periph/tapiocaOmnichainEngine/BaseTapiocaOmnichainEngine.sol";
import {IPearlmit} from "tapioca-periph/interfaces/periph/IPearlmit.sol";
import {ICluster} from "tapioca-periph/interfaces/periph/ICluster.sol";
import {BaseTapTokenMsgType} from "./BaseTapTokenMsgType.sol";
import {TwTAP} from "contracts/governance/twTAP.sol";

/*

████████╗ █████╗ ██████╗ ██╗ ██████╗  ██████╗ █████╗ 
╚══██╔══╝██╔══██╗██╔══██╗██║██╔═══██╗██╔════╝██╔══██╗
   ██║   ███████║██████╔╝██║██║   ██║██║     ███████║
   ██║   ██╔══██║██╔═══╝ ██║██║   ██║██║     ██╔══██║
   ██║   ██║  ██║██║     ██║╚██████╔╝╚██████╗██║  ██║
   ╚═╝   ╚═╝  ╚═╝╚═╝     ╚═╝ ╚═════╝  ╚═════╝╚═╝  ╚═╝
   
*/

abstract contract BaseTapToken is BaseTapiocaOmnichainEngine, BaseTapTokenMsgType {
    uint16 internal constant PT_LOCK_TWTAP = 870;
    uint16 internal constant PT_UNLOCK_TWTAP = 871;
    uint16 internal constant PT_CLAIM_REWARDS = 872;

    /// @dev Can't be set as constructor params because TwTAP is deployed after TapToken. TwTAP constructor needs TapOFT as param.
    TwTAP public twTap;

    constructor(
        string memory _name,
        string memory _symbol,
        address _endpoint,
        address _delegate,
        address _extExec,
        IPearlmit _pearlmit,
        ICluster _cluster
    ) BaseTapiocaOmnichainEngine(_name, _symbol, _endpoint, _delegate, _extExec, _pearlmit, _cluster) {}

    error twTapNotSet();

    modifier twTapExists() {
        if (address(twTap) == address(0)) revert twTapNotSet();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @notice set the twTAP address, can be done only once.
     */
    function setTwTAP(address _twTap) external virtual {}
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity 0.8.22;

/*

████████╗ █████╗ ██████╗ ██╗ ██████╗  ██████╗ █████╗ 
╚══██╔══╝██╔══██╗██╔══██╗██║██╔═══██╗██╔════╝██╔══██╗
   ██║   ███████║██████╔╝██║██║   ██║██║     ███████║
   ██║   ██╔══██║██╔═══╝ ██║██║   ██║██║     ██╔══██║
   ██║   ██║  ██║██║     ██║╚██████╔╝╚██████╗██║  ██║
   ╚═╝   ╚═╝  ╚═╝╚═╝     ╚═╝ ╚═════╝  ╚═════╝╚═╝  ╚═╝
   
*/

abstract contract BaseTapTokenMsgType {
    uint16 internal constant MSG_LOCK_TWTAP = 870;
    uint16 internal constant MSG_UNLOCK_TWTAP = 871;
    uint16 internal constant MSG_CLAIM_REWARDS = 872;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity 0.8.22;

// LZ
import {IOAppMsgInspector} from "@layerzerolabs/lz-evm-oapp-v2/contracts/oapp/interfaces/IOAppMsgInspector.sol";
import {SendParam, MessagingFee} from "@layerzerolabs/lz-evm-oapp-v2/contracts/oft/interfaces/IOFT.sol";
import {OFTMsgCodec} from "@layerzerolabs/lz-evm-oapp-v2/contracts/oft/libs/OFTMsgCodec.sol";
import {OAppSender} from "@layerzerolabs/lz-evm-oapp-v2/contracts/oapp/OAppSender.sol";
import {OFT} from "@layerzerolabs/lz-evm-oapp-v2/contracts/oft/OFT.sol";

// External
import {SafeERC20, IERC20} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import {StorageSlot} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/StorageSlot.sol";
import {BytesLib} from "solidity-bytes-utils/contracts/BytesLib.sol";

// Tapioca
import {ITapiocaOmnichainReceiveExtender} from "tapioca-periph/interfaces/periph/ITapiocaOmnichainEngine.sol";
import {PearlmitHandler, IPearlmit} from "tapioca-periph/pearlmit/PearlmitHandler.sol";
import {TapiocaOmnichainExtExec} from "./extension/TapiocaOmnichainExtExec.sol";
import {ICluster} from "tapioca-periph/interfaces/periph/ICluster.sol";
import {BaseToeMsgType} from "./BaseToeMsgType.sol";

/*

████████╗ █████╗ ██████╗ ██╗ ██████╗  ██████╗ █████╗ 
╚══██╔══╝██╔══██╗██╔══██╗██║██╔═══██╗██╔════╝██╔══██╗
   ██║   ███████║██████╔╝██║██║   ██║██║     ███████║
   ██║   ██╔══██║██╔═══╝ ██║██║   ██║██║     ██╔══██║
   ██║   ██║  ██║██║     ██║╚██████╔╝╚██████╗██║  ██║
   ╚═╝   ╚═╝  ╚═╝╚═╝     ╚═╝ ╚═════╝  ╚═════╝╚═╝  ╚═╝
   
*/

abstract contract BaseTapiocaOmnichainEngine is OFT, PearlmitHandler, BaseToeMsgType {
    using BytesLib for bytes;
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;
    using OFTMsgCodec for bytes;
    using OFTMsgCodec for bytes32;

    /// @dev Used to execute certain extern calls from the TapToken contract, such as ERC20Permit approvals.
    TapiocaOmnichainExtExec public toeExtExec;
    /// @dev For future use, to extend the receive() operation.
    ITapiocaOmnichainReceiveExtender public tapiocaOmnichainReceiveExtender;

    error BaseTapiocaOmnichainEngine_PearlmitNotApproved();
    error BaseTapiocaOmnichainEngine_PearlmitFailed();
    error BaseTapiocaOmnichainEngine__ZeroAddress();

    // keccak256("BaseToe.cluster.slot")
    bytes32 public constant CLUSTER_SLOT = 0x7cdf5007585d1c7d3dfb23c59fcda5f9f02da78637d692495255a57630b72162;

    constructor(
        string memory _name,
        string memory _symbol,
        address _endpoint,
        address _delegate,
        address _extExec,
        IPearlmit _pearlmit,
        ICluster _cluster
    ) OFT(_name, _symbol, _endpoint, _delegate) PearlmitHandler(_pearlmit) {
        toeExtExec = TapiocaOmnichainExtExec(_extExec);

        StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(CLUSTER_SLOT).value = address(_cluster);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc OAppSender
     * @dev Overwrite to check for < values.
     */
    function _payNative(uint256 _nativeFee) internal override returns (uint256 nativeFee) {
        if (msg.value < _nativeFee) revert NotEnoughNative(msg.value);
        return msg.value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets the `tapiocaOmnichainReceiveExtender` contract.
     */
    function setTapiocaOmnichainReceiveExtender(address _tapiocaOmnichainReceiveExtender) external onlyOwner {
        tapiocaOmnichainReceiveExtender = ITapiocaOmnichainReceiveExtender(_tapiocaOmnichainReceiveExtender);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets the `toeExtExec` contract.
     */
    function setToeExtExec(address _extExec) external onlyOwner {
        toeExtExec = TapiocaOmnichainExtExec(_extExec);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current cluster.
     */
    function getCluster() public view returns (ICluster) {
        return ICluster(StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(CLUSTER_SLOT).value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets the cluster.
     */
    function setCluster(ICluster _cluster) external onlyOwner {
        StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(CLUSTER_SLOT).value = address(_cluster);
    }

    /**
     * @dev public function to remove dust from the given local decimal amount.
     * @param _amountLD The amount in local decimals.
     * @return amountLD The amount after removing dust.
     *
     * @dev Prevents the loss of dust when moving amounts between chains with different decimals.
     * @dev eg. uint(123) with a conversion rate of 100 becomes uint(100).
     */
    function removeDust(uint256 _amountLD) public view virtual returns (uint256 amountLD) {
        return _removeDust(_amountLD);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Slightly modified version of the OFT quoteSend() operation. Includes a `_msgType` parameter.
     * The `_buildMsgAndOptionsByType()` appends the packet type to the message.
     * @notice Provides a quote for the send() operation.
     * @param _sendParam The parameters for the send() operation.
     * @param _extraOptions Additional options supplied by the caller to be used in the LayerZero message.
     * @param _payInLzToken Flag indicating whether the caller is paying in the LZ token.
     * @param _composeMsg The composed message for the send() operation.
     * @dev _oftCmd The OFT command to be executed.
     * @return msgFee The calculated LayerZero messaging fee from the send() operation.
     *
     * @dev MessagingFee: LayerZero msg fee
     *  - nativeFee: The native fee.
     *  - lzTokenFee: The lzToken fee.
     */
    function quoteSendPacket(
        SendParam calldata _sendParam,
        bytes calldata _extraOptions,
        bool _payInLzToken,
        bytes calldata _composeMsg,
        bytes calldata /*_oftCmd*/ // @dev unused in the default implementation.
    ) external view virtual returns (MessagingFee memory msgFee) {
        // @dev mock the amount to credit, this is the same operation used in the send().
        // The quote is as similar as possible to the actual send() operation.
        (, uint256 amountToCreditLD) = _debitView(_sendParam.amountLD, _sendParam.minAmountLD, _sendParam.dstEid);

        // @dev Builds the options and OFT message to quote in the endpoint.
        (bytes memory message, bytes memory options) =
            _buildOFTMsgAndOptions(address(0), _sendParam, _extraOptions, _composeMsg, amountToCreditLD);

        // @dev Calculates the LayerZero fee for the send() operation.
        return _quote(_sendParam.dstEid, message, options, _payInLzToken);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Build an OFT message and option. The message contain OFT related info such as the amount to credit and the recipient.
     * It also contains the `_composeMsg`, which is 1 or more TAP specific messages. See `_buildTapMsgAndOptions()`.
     * The option is an aggregation of the OFT message as well as the TAP messages.
     *
     * @param _from The sender address. If address(0), msg.sender is used.
     * @param _sendParam: The parameters for the send operation.
     *      - dstEid::uint32: Destination endpoint ID.
     *      - to::bytes32: Recipient address.
     *      - amountToSendLD::uint256: Amount to send in local decimals.
     *      - minAmountToCreditLD::uint256: Minimum amount to credit in local decimals.
     * @param _extraOptions Additional options for the send() operation. If `_composeMsg` not empty, the `_extraOptions` should also contain the aggregation of its options.
     * @param _composeMsg The composed message for the send() operation. Is a combination of 1 or more TAP specific messages.
     * @param _amountToCreditLD The amount to credit in local decimals.
     *
     * @return message The encoded message.
     * @return options The combined LZ msgType + `_extraOptions` options.
     */
    function _buildOFTMsgAndOptions(
        address _from,
        SendParam calldata _sendParam,
        bytes calldata _extraOptions,
        bytes calldata _composeMsg,
        uint256 _amountToCreditLD
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory message, bytes memory options) {
        bool hasCompose;

        // @dev This generated message has the msg.sender encoded into the payload so the remote knows who the caller is.
        // @dev NOTE the returned message will append `msg.sender` only if the message is composed.
        // If it's the case, it'll add the `address(msg.sender)` at the `amountToCredit` offset.
        (message, hasCompose) = encode(
            _from,
            _sendParam.to,
            _toSD(_amountToCreditLD),
            // @dev Must be include a non empty bytes if you want to compose, EVEN if you don't need it on the remote.
            // EVEN if you don't require an arbitrary payload to be sent... eg. '0x01'
            _composeMsg
        );
        // @dev Change the msg type depending if its composed or not.
        uint16 _msgType = hasCompose ? SEND_AND_CALL : SEND;
        // @dev Combine the callers _extraOptions with the enforced options via the OAppOptionsType3.
        options = combineOptions(_sendParam.dstEid, _msgType, _extraOptions);

        // @dev Optionally inspect the message and options depending if the OApp owner has set a msg inspector.
        // @dev If it fails inspection, needs to revert in the implementation. ie. does not rely on return boolean
        if (msgInspector != address(0)) {
            IOAppMsgInspector(msgInspector).inspect(message, options);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev copy paste of OFTMsgCodec::encode(). Difference is `_from` is passed as a parameter.
     * and update the source chain sender.
     */
    function encode(address _from, bytes32 _sendTo, uint64 _amountShared, bytes memory _composeMsg)
        internal
        pure
        returns (bytes memory _msg, bool hasCompose)
    {
        hasCompose = _composeMsg.length > 0;
        // @dev Remote chains will want to know the composed function caller ie. msg.sender on the src.

        _msg = hasCompose
            ? abi.encodePacked(_sendTo, _amountShared, OFTMsgCodec.addressToBytes32(_from), _composeMsg)
            : abi.encodePacked(_sendTo, _amountShared);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Allowance check and consumption against the xChain msg sender.
     *
     * @param _owner The account to check the allowance against.
     * @param _srcChainSender The address of the sender on the source chain.
     * @param _amount The amount to check the allowance for.
     */
    function _validateAndSpendAllowance(address _owner, address _srcChainSender, uint256 _amount) internal {
        if (_owner != _srcChainSender) {
            _spendAllowance(_owner, _srcChainSender, _amount);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a transfer with an allowance check and consumption against the xChain msg sender.
     * @dev Can only transfer to this address.
     *
     * @param _owner The account to transfer from.
     * @param _srcChainSender The address of the sender on the source chain.
     * @param _amount The amount to transfer
     */
    function _internalTransferWithAllowance(address _owner, address _srcChainSender, uint256 _amount) internal {
        _validateAndSpendAllowance(_owner, _srcChainSender, _amount);
        _transfer(_owner, address(this), _amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal function to return the current EID.
     */
    function _getChainId() internal view virtual returns (uint32) {}
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity 0.8.22;

/*

████████╗ █████╗ ██████╗ ██╗ ██████╗  ██████╗ █████╗ 
╚══██╔══╝██╔══██╗██╔══██╗██║██╔═══██╗██╔════╝██╔══██╗
   ██║   ███████║██████╔╝██║██║   ██║██║     ███████║
   ██║   ██╔══██║██╔═══╝ ██║██║   ██║██║     ██╔══██║
   ██║   ██║  ██║██║     ██║╚██████╔╝╚██████╗██║  ██║
   ╚═╝   ╚═╝  ╚═╝╚═╝     ╚═╝ ╚═════╝  ╚═════╝╚═╝  ╚═╝
   
*/

abstract contract BaseToeMsgType {
    // LZ
    uint16 public constant MSG_SEND = 1;

    // Tapioca
    uint16 internal constant MSG_APPROVALS = 500; // Use for ERC20Permit approvals
    uint16 internal constant MSG_NFT_APPROVALS = 501; // Use for ERC721Permit approvals
    uint16 internal constant MSG_PEARLMIT_APPROVAL = 502; // Use for Pearlmit approvals
    uint16 internal constant MSG_YB_APPROVE_ASSET = 503; // Use for YieldBox 'setApprovalForAsset(true)' operation
    uint16 internal constant MSG_YB_APPROVE_ALL = 504; // Use for YieldBox 'setApprovalForAll(true)' operation
    uint16 internal constant MSG_MARKET_PERMIT = 505; // Use for market.permitLend() operation
    uint16 internal constant MSG_REMOTE_TRANSFER = 700; // Use for transferring tokens from the contract from another chain
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

// modified from https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/blob/master/contracts/utils/structs/BitMaps.sol
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

type BitMap256 is uint256;

using BitMaps for BitMap256 global;

library BitMaps {
    /**
     * @dev Returns whether the bit at `index` is set.
     */
    function get(BitMap256 bitmap, uint8 index) internal pure returns (bool) {
        uint256 mask = 1 << index;
        return BitMap256.unwrap(bitmap) & mask != 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets the bit at `index`.
     */
    function set(BitMap256 bitmap, uint8 index) internal pure returns (BitMap256) {
        uint256 mask = 1 << index;
        return BitMap256.wrap(BitMap256.unwrap(bitmap) | mask);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicense
/*
 * @title Solidity Bytes Arrays Utils
 * @author Gonçalo Sá <goncalo.sa@consensys.net>
 *
 * @dev Bytes tightly packed arrays utility library for ethereum contracts written in Solidity.
 *      The library lets you concatenate, slice and type cast bytes arrays both in memory and storage.
 */
pragma solidity >=0.8.0 <0.9.0;


library BytesLib {
    function concat(
        bytes memory _preBytes,
        bytes memory _postBytes
    )
        internal
        pure
        returns (bytes memory)
    {
        bytes memory tempBytes;

        assembly {
            // Get a location of some free memory and store it in tempBytes as
            // Solidity does for memory variables.
            tempBytes := mload(0x40)

            // Store the length of the first bytes array at the beginning of
            // the memory for tempBytes.
            let length := mload(_preBytes)
            mstore(tempBytes, length)

            // Maintain a memory counter for the current write location in the
            // temp bytes array by adding the 32 bytes for the array length to
            // the starting location.
            let mc := add(tempBytes, 0x20)
            // Stop copying when the memory counter reaches the length of the
            // first bytes array.
            let end := add(mc, length)

            for {
                // Initialize a copy counter to the start of the _preBytes data,
                // 32 bytes into its memory.
                let cc := add(_preBytes, 0x20)
            } lt(mc, end) {
                // Increase both counters by 32 bytes each iteration.
                mc := add(mc, 0x20)
                cc := add(cc, 0x20)
            } {
                // Write the _preBytes data into the tempBytes memory 32 bytes
                // at a time.
                mstore(mc, mload(cc))
            }

            // Add the length of _postBytes to the current length of tempBytes
            // and store it as the new length in the first 32 bytes of the
            // tempBytes memory.
            length := mload(_postBytes)
            mstore(tempBytes, add(length, mload(tempBytes)))

            // Move the memory counter back from a multiple of 0x20 to the
            // actual end of the _preBytes data.
            mc := end
            // Stop copying when the memory counter reaches the new combined
            // length of the arrays.
            end := add(mc, length)

            for {
                let cc := add(_postBytes, 0x20)
            } lt(mc, end) {
                mc := add(mc, 0x20)
                cc := add(cc, 0x20)
            } {
                mstore(mc, mload(cc))
            }

            // Update the free-memory pointer by padding our last write location
            // to 32 bytes: add 31 bytes to the end of tempBytes to move to the
            // next 32 byte block, then round down to the nearest multiple of
            // 32. If the sum of the length of the two arrays is zero then add
            // one before rounding down to leave a blank 32 bytes (the length block with 0).
            mstore(0x40, and(
              add(add(end, iszero(add(length, mload(_preBytes)))), 31),
              not(31) // Round down to the nearest 32 bytes.
            ))
        }

        return tempBytes;
    }

    function concatStorage(bytes storage _preBytes, bytes memory _postBytes) internal {
        assembly {
            // Read the first 32 bytes of _preBytes storage, which is the length
            // of the array. (We don't need to use the offset into the slot
            // because arrays use the entire slot.)
            let fslot := sload(_preBytes.slot)
            // Arrays of 31 bytes or less have an even value in their slot,
            // while longer arrays have an odd value. The actual length is
            // the slot divided by two for odd values, and the lowest order
            // byte divided by two for even values.
            // If the slot is even, bitwise and the slot with 255 and divide by
            // two to get the length. If the slot is odd, bitwise and the slot
            // with -1 and divide by two.
            let slength := div(and(fslot, sub(mul(0x100, iszero(and(fslot, 1))), 1)), 2)
            let mlength := mload(_postBytes)
            let newlength := add(slength, mlength)
            // slength can contain both the length and contents of the array
            // if length < 32 bytes so let's prepare for that
            // v. http://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/miscellaneous.html#layout-of-state-variables-in-storage
            switch add(lt(slength, 32), lt(newlength, 32))
            case 2 {
                // Since the new array still fits in the slot, we just need to
                // update the contents of the slot.
                // uint256(bytes_storage) = uint256(bytes_storage) + uint256(bytes_memory) + new_length
                sstore(
                    _preBytes.slot,
                    // all the modifications to the slot are inside this
                    // next block
                    add(
                        // we can just add to the slot contents because the
                        // bytes we want to change are the LSBs
                        fslot,
                        add(
                            mul(
                                div(
                                    // load the bytes from memory
                                    mload(add(_postBytes, 0x20)),
                                    // zero all bytes to the right
                                    exp(0x100, sub(32, mlength))
                                ),
                                // and now shift left the number of bytes to
                                // leave space for the length in the slot
                                exp(0x100, sub(32, newlength))
                            ),
                            // increase length by the double of the memory
                            // bytes length
                            mul(mlength, 2)
                        )
                    )
                )
            }
            case 1 {
                // The stored value fits in the slot, but the combined value
                // will exceed it.
                // get the keccak hash to get the contents of the array
                mstore(0x0, _preBytes.slot)
                let sc := add(keccak256(0x0, 0x20), div(slength, 32))

                // save new length
                sstore(_preBytes.slot, add(mul(newlength, 2), 1))

                // The contents of the _postBytes array start 32 bytes into
                // the structure. Our first read should obtain the `submod`
                // bytes that can fit into the unused space in the last word
                // of the stored array. To get this, we read 32 bytes starting
                // from `submod`, so the data we read overlaps with the array
                // contents by `submod` bytes. Masking the lowest-order
                // `submod` bytes allows us to add that value directly to the
                // stored value.

                let submod := sub(32, slength)
                let mc := add(_postBytes, submod)
                let end := add(_postBytes, mlength)
                let mask := sub(exp(0x100, submod), 1)

                sstore(
                    sc,
                    add(
                        and(
                            fslot,
                            0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00
                        ),
                        and(mload(mc), mask)
                    )
                )

                for {
                    mc := add(mc, 0x20)
                    sc := add(sc, 1)
                } lt(mc, end) {
                    sc := add(sc, 1)
                    mc := add(mc, 0x20)
                } {
                    sstore(sc, mload(mc))
                }

                mask := exp(0x100, sub(mc, end))

                sstore(sc, mul(div(mload(mc), mask), mask))
            }
            default {
                // get the keccak hash to get the contents of the array
                mstore(0x0, _preBytes.slot)
                // Start copying to the last used word of the stored array.
                let sc := add(keccak256(0x0, 0x20), div(slength, 32))

                // save new length
                sstore(_preBytes.slot, add(mul(newlength, 2), 1))

                // Copy over the first `submod` bytes of the new data as in
                // case 1 above.
                let slengthmod := mod(slength, 32)
                let mlengthmod := mod(mlength, 32)
                let submod := sub(32, slengthmod)
                let mc := add(_postBytes, submod)
                let end := add(_postBytes, mlength)
                let mask := sub(exp(0x100, submod), 1)

                sstore(sc, add(sload(sc), and(mload(mc), mask)))

                for {
                    sc := add(sc, 1)
                    mc := add(mc, 0x20)
                } lt(mc, end) {
                    sc := add(sc, 1)
                    mc := add(mc, 0x20)
                } {
                    sstore(sc, mload(mc))
                }

                mask := exp(0x100, sub(mc, end))

                sstore(sc, mul(div(mload(mc), mask), mask))
            }
        }
    }

    function slice(
        bytes memory _bytes,
        uint256 _start,
        uint256 _length
    )
        internal
        pure
        returns (bytes memory)
    {
        require(_length + 31 >= _length, "slice_overflow");
        require(_bytes.length >= _start + _length, "slice_outOfBounds");

        bytes memory tempBytes;

        assembly {
            switch iszero(_length)
            case 0 {
                // Get a location of some free memory and store it in tempBytes as
                // Solidity does for memory variables.
                tempBytes := mload(0x40)

                // The first word of the slice result is potentially a partial
                // word read from the original array. To read it, we calculate
                // the length of that partial word and start copying that many
                // bytes into the array. The first word we copy will start with
                // data we don't care about, but the last `lengthmod` bytes will
                // land at the beginning of the contents of the new array. When
                // we're done copying, we overwrite the full first word with
                // the actual length of the slice.
                let lengthmod := and(_length, 31)

                // The multiplication in the next line is necessary
                // because when slicing multiples of 32 bytes (lengthmod == 0)
                // the following copy loop was copying the origin's length
                // and then ending prematurely not copying everything it should.
                let mc := add(add(tempBytes, lengthmod), mul(0x20, iszero(lengthmod)))
                let end := add(mc, _length)

                for {
                    // The multiplication in the next line has the same exact purpose
                    // as the one above.
                    let cc := add(add(add(_bytes, lengthmod), mul(0x20, iszero(lengthmod))), _start)
                } lt(mc, end) {
                    mc := add(mc, 0x20)
                    cc := add(cc, 0x20)
                } {
                    mstore(mc, mload(cc))
                }

                mstore(tempBytes, _length)

                //update free-memory pointer
                //allocating the array padded to 32 bytes like the compiler does now
                mstore(0x40, and(add(mc, 31), not(31)))
            }
            //if we want a zero-length slice let's just return a zero-length array
            default {
                tempBytes := mload(0x40)
                //zero out the 32 bytes slice we are about to return
                //we need to do it because Solidity does not garbage collect
                mstore(tempBytes, 0)

                mstore(0x40, add(tempBytes, 0x20))
            }
        }

        return tempBytes;
    }

    function toAddress(bytes memory _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (address) {
        require(_bytes.length >= _start + 20, "toAddress_outOfBounds");
        address tempAddress;

        assembly {
            tempAddress := div(mload(add(add(_bytes, 0x20), _start)), 0x1000000000000000000000000)
        }

        return tempAddress;
    }

    function toUint8(bytes memory _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (uint8) {
        require(_bytes.length >= _start + 1 , "toUint8_outOfBounds");
        uint8 tempUint;

        assembly {
            tempUint := mload(add(add(_bytes, 0x1), _start))
        }

        return tempUint;
    }

    function toUint16(bytes memory _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (uint16) {
        require(_bytes.length >= _start + 2, "toUint16_outOfBounds");
        uint16 tempUint;

        assembly {
            tempUint := mload(add(add(_bytes, 0x2), _start))
        }

        return tempUint;
    }

    function toUint32(bytes memory _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (uint32) {
        require(_bytes.length >= _start + 4, "toUint32_outOfBounds");
        uint32 tempUint;

        assembly {
            tempUint := mload(add(add(_bytes, 0x4), _start))
        }

        return tempUint;
    }

    function toUint64(bytes memory _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (uint64) {
        require(_bytes.length >= _start + 8, "toUint64_outOfBounds");
        uint64 tempUint;

        assembly {
            tempUint := mload(add(add(_bytes, 0x8), _start))
        }

        return tempUint;
    }

    function toUint96(bytes memory _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (uint96) {
        require(_bytes.length >= _start + 12, "toUint96_outOfBounds");
        uint96 tempUint;

        assembly {
            tempUint := mload(add(add(_bytes, 0xc), _start))
        }

        return tempUint;
    }

    function toUint128(bytes memory _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (uint128) {
        require(_bytes.length >= _start + 16, "toUint128_outOfBounds");
        uint128 tempUint;

        assembly {
            tempUint := mload(add(add(_bytes, 0x10), _start))
        }

        return tempUint;
    }

    function toUint256(bytes memory _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        require(_bytes.length >= _start + 32, "toUint256_outOfBounds");
        uint256 tempUint;

        assembly {
            tempUint := mload(add(add(_bytes, 0x20), _start))
        }

        return tempUint;
    }

    function toBytes32(bytes memory _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        require(_bytes.length >= _start + 32, "toBytes32_outOfBounds");
        bytes32 tempBytes32;

        assembly {
            tempBytes32 := mload(add(add(_bytes, 0x20), _start))
        }

        return tempBytes32;
    }

    function equal(bytes memory _preBytes, bytes memory _postBytes) internal pure returns (bool) {
        bool success = true;

        assembly {
            let length := mload(_preBytes)

            // if lengths don't match the arrays are not equal
            switch eq(length, mload(_postBytes))
            case 1 {
                // cb is a circuit breaker in the for loop since there's
                //  no said feature for inline assembly loops
                // cb = 1 - don't breaker
                // cb = 0 - break
                let cb := 1

                let mc := add(_preBytes, 0x20)
                let end := add(mc, length)

                for {
                    let cc := add(_postBytes, 0x20)
                // the next line is the loop condition:
                // while(uint256(mc < end) + cb == 2)
                } eq(add(lt(mc, end), cb), 2) {
                    mc := add(mc, 0x20)
                    cc := add(cc, 0x20)
                } {
                    // if any of these checks fails then arrays are not equal
                    if iszero(eq(mload(mc), mload(cc))) {
                        // unsuccess:
                        success := 0
                        cb := 0
                    }
                }
            }
            default {
                // unsuccess:
                success := 0
            }
        }

        return success;
    }

    function equalStorage(
        bytes storage _preBytes,
        bytes memory _postBytes
    )
        internal
        view
        returns (bool)
    {
        bool success = true;

        assembly {
            // we know _preBytes_offset is 0
            let fslot := sload(_preBytes.slot)
            // Decode the length of the stored array like in concatStorage().
            let slength := div(and(fslot, sub(mul(0x100, iszero(and(fslot, 1))), 1)), 2)
            let mlength := mload(_postBytes)

            // if lengths don't match the arrays are not equal
            switch eq(slength, mlength)
            case 1 {
                // slength can contain both the length and contents of the array
                // if length < 32 bytes so let's prepare for that
                // v. http://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/miscellaneous.html#layout-of-state-variables-in-storage
                if iszero(iszero(slength)) {
                    switch lt(slength, 32)
                    case 1 {
                        // blank the last byte which is the length
                        fslot := mul(div(fslot, 0x100), 0x100)

                        if iszero(eq(fslot, mload(add(_postBytes, 0x20)))) {
                            // unsuccess:
                            success := 0
                        }
                    }
                    default {
                        // cb is a circuit breaker in the for loop since there's
                        //  no said feature for inline assembly loops
                        // cb = 1 - don't breaker
                        // cb = 0 - break
                        let cb := 1

                        // get the keccak hash to get the contents of the array
                        mstore(0x0, _preBytes.slot)
                        let sc := keccak256(0x0, 0x20)

                        let mc := add(_postBytes, 0x20)
                        let end := add(mc, mlength)

                        // the next line is the loop condition:
                        // while(uint256(mc < end) + cb == 2)
                        for {} eq(add(lt(mc, end), cb), 2) {
                            sc := add(sc, 1)
                            mc := add(mc, 0x20)
                        } {
                            if iszero(eq(sload(sc), mload(mc))) {
                                // unsuccess:
                                success := 0
                                cb := 0
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            default {
                // unsuccess:
                success := 0
            }
        }

        return success;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: LZBL-1.2

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

library CalldataBytesLib {
    function toU8(bytes calldata _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (uint8) {
        return uint8(_bytes[_start]);
    }

    function toU16(bytes calldata _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (uint16) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 end = _start + 2;
            return uint16(bytes2(_bytes[_start:end]));
        }
    }

    function toU32(bytes calldata _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (uint32) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 end = _start + 4;
            return uint32(bytes4(_bytes[_start:end]));
        }
    }

    function toU64(bytes calldata _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (uint64) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 end = _start + 8;
            return uint64(bytes8(_bytes[_start:end]));
        }
    }

    function toU128(bytes calldata _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (uint128) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 end = _start + 16;
            return uint128(bytes16(_bytes[_start:end]));
        }
    }

    function toU256(bytes calldata _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 end = _start + 32;
            return uint256(bytes32(_bytes[_start:end]));
        }
    }

    function toAddr(bytes calldata _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (address) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 end = _start + 20;
            return address(bytes20(_bytes[_start:end]));
        }
    }

    function toB32(bytes calldata _bytes, uint256 _start) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 end = _start + 32;
            return bytes32(_bytes[_start:end]);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.4) (utils/Context.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract Context {
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }

    function _contextSuffixLength() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return 0;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/Counters.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @title Counters
 * @author Matt Condon (@shrugs)
 * @dev Provides counters that can only be incremented, decremented or reset. This can be used e.g. to track the number
 * of elements in a mapping, issuing ERC721 ids, or counting request ids.
 *
 * Include with `using Counters for Counters.Counter;`
 */
library Counters {
    struct Counter {
        // This variable should never be directly accessed by users of the library: interactions must be restricted to
        // the library's function. As of Solidity v0.5.2, this cannot be enforced, though there is a proposal to add
        // this feature: see https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/issues/4637
        uint256 _value; // default: 0
    }

    function current(Counter storage counter) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return counter._value;
    }

    function increment(Counter storage counter) internal {
        unchecked {
            counter._value += 1;
        }
    }

    function decrement(Counter storage counter) internal {
        uint256 value = counter._value;
        require(value > 0, "Counter: decrement overflow");
        unchecked {
            counter._value = value - 1;
        }
    }

    function reset(Counter storage counter) internal {
        counter._value = 0;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: LZBL-1.2

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import { BytesLib } from "solidity-bytes-utils/contracts/BytesLib.sol";

import { BitMap256 } from "@layerzerolabs/lz-evm-protocol-v2/contracts/messagelib/libs/BitMaps.sol";
import { CalldataBytesLib } from "@layerzerolabs/lz-evm-protocol-v2/contracts/libs/CalldataBytesLib.sol";

library DVNOptions {
    using CalldataBytesLib for bytes;
    using BytesLib for bytes;

    uint8 internal constant WORKER_ID = 2;
    uint8 internal constant OPTION_TYPE_PRECRIME = 1;

    error DVN_InvalidDVNIdx();
    error DVN_InvalidDVNOptions(uint256 cursor);

    /// @dev group dvn options by its idx
    /// @param _options [dvn_id][dvn_option][dvn_id][dvn_option]...
    ///        dvn_option = [option_size][dvn_idx][option_type][option]
    ///        option_size = len(dvn_idx) + len(option_type) + len(option)
    ///        dvn_id: uint8, dvn_idx: uint8, option_size: uint16, option_type: uint8, option: bytes
    /// @return dvnOptions the grouped options, still share the same format of _options
    /// @return dvnIndices the dvn indices
    function groupDVNOptionsByIdx(
        bytes memory _options
    ) internal pure returns (bytes[] memory dvnOptions, uint8[] memory dvnIndices) {
        if (_options.length == 0) return (dvnOptions, dvnIndices);

        uint8 numDVNs = getNumDVNs(_options);

        // if there is only 1 dvn, we can just return the whole options
        if (numDVNs == 1) {
            dvnOptions = new bytes[](1);
            dvnOptions[0] = _options;

            dvnIndices = new uint8[](1);
            dvnIndices[0] = _options.toUint8(3); // dvn idx
            return (dvnOptions, dvnIndices);
        }

        // otherwise, we need to group the options by dvn_idx
        dvnIndices = new uint8[](numDVNs);
        dvnOptions = new bytes[](numDVNs);
        unchecked {
            uint256 cursor = 0;
            uint256 start = 0;
            uint8 lastDVNIdx = 255; // 255 is an invalid dvn_idx

            while (cursor < _options.length) {
                ++cursor; // skip worker_id

                // optionLength asserted in getNumDVNs (skip check)
                uint16 optionLength = _options.toUint16(cursor);
                cursor += 2;

                // dvnIdx asserted in getNumDVNs (skip check)
                uint8 dvnIdx = _options.toUint8(cursor);

                // dvnIdx must equal to the lastDVNIdx for the first option
                // so it is always skipped in the first option
                // this operation slices out options whenever the scan finds a different lastDVNIdx
                if (lastDVNIdx == 255) {
                    lastDVNIdx = dvnIdx;
                } else if (dvnIdx != lastDVNIdx) {
                    uint256 len = cursor - start - 3; // 3 is for worker_id and option_length
                    bytes memory opt = _options.slice(start, len);
                    _insertDVNOptions(dvnOptions, dvnIndices, lastDVNIdx, opt);

                    // reset the start and lastDVNIdx
                    start += len;
                    lastDVNIdx = dvnIdx;
                }

                cursor += optionLength;
            }

            // skip check the cursor here because the cursor is asserted in getNumDVNs
            // if we have reached the end of the options, we need to process the last dvn
            uint256 size = cursor - start;
            bytes memory op = _options.slice(start, size);
            _insertDVNOptions(dvnOptions, dvnIndices, lastDVNIdx, op);

            // revert dvnIndices to start from 0
            for (uint8 i = 0; i < numDVNs; ++i) {
                --dvnIndices[i];
            }
        }
    }

    function _insertDVNOptions(
        bytes[] memory _dvnOptions,
        uint8[] memory _dvnIndices,
        uint8 _dvnIdx,
        bytes memory _newOptions
    ) internal pure {
        // dvnIdx starts from 0 but default value of dvnIndices is 0,
        // so we tell if the slot is empty by adding 1 to dvnIdx
        if (_dvnIdx == 255) revert DVN_InvalidDVNIdx();
        uint8 dvnIdxAdj = _dvnIdx + 1;

        for (uint256 j = 0; j < _dvnIndices.length; ++j) {
            uint8 index = _dvnIndices[j];
            if (dvnIdxAdj == index) {
                _dvnOptions[j] = abi.encodePacked(_dvnOptions[j], _newOptions);
                break;
            } else if (index == 0) {
                // empty slot, that means it is the first time we see this dvn
                _dvnIndices[j] = dvnIdxAdj;
                _dvnOptions[j] = _newOptions;
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    /// @dev get the number of unique dvns
    /// @param _options the format is the same as groupDVNOptionsByIdx
    function getNumDVNs(bytes memory _options) internal pure returns (uint8 numDVNs) {
        uint256 cursor = 0;
        BitMap256 bitmap;

        // find number of unique dvn_idx
        unchecked {
            while (cursor < _options.length) {
                ++cursor; // skip worker_id

                uint16 optionLength = _options.toUint16(cursor);
                cursor += 2;
                if (optionLength < 2) revert DVN_InvalidDVNOptions(cursor); // at least 1 byte for dvn_idx and 1 byte for option_type

                uint8 dvnIdx = _options.toUint8(cursor);

                // if dvnIdx is not set, increment numDVNs
                // max num of dvns is 255, 255 is an invalid dvn_idx
                // The order of the dvnIdx is not required to be sequential, as enforcing the order may weaken
                // the composability of the options. e.g. if we refrain from enforcing the order, an OApp that has
                // already enforced certain options can append additional options to the end of the enforced
                // ones without restrictions.
                if (dvnIdx == 255) revert DVN_InvalidDVNIdx();
                if (!bitmap.get(dvnIdx)) {
                    ++numDVNs;
                    bitmap = bitmap.set(dvnIdx);
                }

                cursor += optionLength;
            }
        }
        if (cursor != _options.length) revert DVN_InvalidDVNOptions(cursor);
    }

    /// @dev decode the next dvn option from _options starting from the specified cursor
    /// @param _options the format is the same as groupDVNOptionsByIdx
    /// @param _cursor the cursor to start decoding
    /// @return optionType the type of the option
    /// @return option the option
    /// @return cursor the cursor to start decoding the next option
    function nextDVNOption(
        bytes calldata _options,
        uint256 _cursor
    ) internal pure returns (uint8 optionType, bytes calldata option, uint256 cursor) {
        unchecked {
            // skip worker id
            cursor = _cursor + 1;

            // read option size
            uint16 size = _options.toU16(cursor);
            cursor += 2;

            // read option type
            optionType = _options.toU8(cursor + 1); // skip dvn_idx

            // startCursor and endCursor are used to slice the option from _options
            uint256 startCursor = cursor + 2; // skip option type and dvn_idx
            uint256 endCursor = cursor + size;
            option = _options[startCursor:endCursor];
            cursor += size;
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../Strings.sol";

/**
 * @dev Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) operations.
 *
 * These functions can be used to verify that a message was signed by the holder
 * of the private keys of a given address.
 */
library ECDSA {
    enum RecoverError {
        NoError,
        InvalidSignature,
        InvalidSignatureLength,
        InvalidSignatureS,
        InvalidSignatureV // Deprecated in v4.8
    }

    function _throwError(RecoverError error) private pure {
        if (error == RecoverError.NoError) {
            return; // no error: do nothing
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignature) {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature");
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength) {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature length");
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS) {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature 's' value");
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with
     * `signature` or error string. This address can then be used for verification purposes.
     *
     * The `ecrecover` EVM opcode allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
     * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
     * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
     * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
     * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
     * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
     * be too long), and then calling {toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
     *
     * Documentation for signature generation:
     * - with https://web3js.readthedocs.io/en/v1.3.4/web3-eth-accounts.html#sign[Web3.js]
     * - with https://docs.ethers.io/v5/api/signer/#Signer-signMessage[ethers]
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function tryRecover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError) {
        if (signature.length == 65) {
            bytes32 r;
            bytes32 s;
            uint8 v;
            // ecrecover takes the signature parameters, and the only way to get them
            // currently is to use assembly.
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                r := mload(add(signature, 0x20))
                s := mload(add(signature, 0x40))
                v := byte(0, mload(add(signature, 0x60)))
            }
            return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
        } else {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with
     * `signature`. This address can then be used for verification purposes.
     *
     * The `ecrecover` EVM opcode allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
     * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
     * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
     * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
     * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
     * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
     * be too long), and then calling {toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error) = tryRecover(hash, signature);
        _throwError(error);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `r` and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
     *
     * See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2098[EIP-2098 short signatures]
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function tryRecover(bytes32 hash, bytes32 r, bytes32 vs) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError) {
        bytes32 s = vs & bytes32(0x7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff);
        uint8 v = uint8((uint256(vs) >> 255) + 27);
        return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `r and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
     *
     * _Available since v4.2._
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes32 r, bytes32 vs) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error) = tryRecover(hash, r, vs);
        _throwError(error);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `v`,
     * `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function tryRecover(bytes32 hash, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) internal pure returns (address, RecoverError) {
        // EIP-2 still allows signature malleability for ecrecover(). Remove this possibility and make the signature
        // unique. Appendix F in the Ethereum Yellow paper (https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf), defines
        // the valid range for s in (301): 0 < s < secp256k1n ÷ 2 + 1, and for v in (302): v ∈ {27, 28}. Most
        // signatures from current libraries generate a unique signature with an s-value in the lower half order.
        //
        // If your library generates malleable signatures, such as s-values in the upper range, calculate a new s-value
        // with 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141 - s1 and flip v from 27 to 28 or
        // vice versa. If your library also generates signatures with 0/1 for v instead 27/28, add 27 to v to accept
        // these malleable signatures as well.
        if (uint256(s) > 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5D576E7357A4501DDFE92F46681B20A0) {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS);
        }

        // If the signature is valid (and not malleable), return the signer address
        address signer = ecrecover(hash, v, r, s);
        if (signer == address(0)) {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignature);
        }

        return (signer, RecoverError.NoError);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `v`,
     * `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error) = tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
        _throwError(error);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Message, created from a `hash`. This
     * produces hash corresponding to the one signed with the
     * https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`]
     * JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-191.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes32 hash) internal pure returns (bytes32 message) {
        // 32 is the length in bytes of hash,
        // enforced by the type signature above
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            mstore(0x00, "\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n32")
            mstore(0x1c, hash)
            message := keccak256(0x00, 0x3c)
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Message, created from `s`. This
     * produces hash corresponding to the one signed with the
     * https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`]
     * JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-191.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes memory s) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n", Strings.toString(s.length), s));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Typed Data, created from a
     * `domainSeparator` and a `structHash`. This produces hash corresponding
     * to the one signed with the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[`eth_signTypedData`]
     * JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-712.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toTypedDataHash(bytes32 domainSeparator, bytes32 structHash) internal pure returns (bytes32 data) {
        /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
        assembly {
            let ptr := mload(0x40)
            mstore(ptr, "\x19\x01")
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x02), domainSeparator)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x22), structHash)
            data := keccak256(ptr, 0x42)
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Data with intended validator, created from a
     * `validator` and `data` according to the version 0 of EIP-191.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toDataWithIntendedValidatorHash(address validator, bytes memory data) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked("\x19\x00", validator, data));
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (utils/cryptography/EIP712.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.8;

import "./ECDSA.sol";
import "../ShortStrings.sol";
import "../../interfaces/IERC5267.sol";

/**
 * @dev https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[EIP 712] is a standard for hashing and signing of typed structured data.
 *
 * The encoding specified in the EIP is very generic, and such a generic implementation in Solidity is not feasible,
 * thus this contract does not implement the encoding itself. Protocols need to implement the type-specific encoding
 * they need in their contracts using a combination of `abi.encode` and `keccak256`.
 *
 * This contract implements the EIP 712 domain separator ({_domainSeparatorV4}) that is used as part of the encoding
 * scheme, and the final step of the encoding to obtain the message digest that is then signed via ECDSA
 * ({_hashTypedDataV4}).
 *
 * The implementation of the domain separator was designed to be as efficient as possible while still properly updating
 * the chain id to protect against replay attacks on an eventual fork of the chain.
 *
 * NOTE: This contract implements the version of the encoding known as "v4", as implemented by the JSON RPC method
 * https://docs.metamask.io/guide/signing-data.html[`eth_signTypedDataV4` in MetaMask].
 *
 * NOTE: In the upgradeable version of this contract, the cached values will correspond to the address, and the domain
 * separator of the implementation contract. This will cause the `_domainSeparatorV4` function to always rebuild the
 * separator from the immutable values, which is cheaper than accessing a cached version in cold storage.
 *
 * _Available since v3.4._
 *
 * @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow state-variable-immutable state-variable-assignment
 */
abstract contract EIP712 is IERC5267 {
    using ShortStrings for *;

    bytes32 private constant _TYPE_HASH =
        keccak256("EIP712Domain(string name,string version,uint256 chainId,address verifyingContract)");

    // Cache the domain separator as an immutable value, but also store the chain id that it corresponds to, in order to
    // invalidate the cached domain separator if the chain id changes.
    bytes32 private immutable _cachedDomainSeparator;
    uint256 private immutable _cachedChainId;
    address private immutable _cachedThis;

    bytes32 private immutable _hashedName;
    bytes32 private immutable _hashedVersion;

    ShortString private immutable _name;
    ShortString private immutable _version;
    string private _nameFallback;
    string private _versionFallback;

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the domain separator and parameter caches.
     *
     * The meaning of `name` and `version` is specified in
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-domainseparator[EIP 712]:
     *
     * - `name`: the user readable name of the signing domain, i.e. the name of the DApp or the protocol.
     * - `version`: the current major version of the signing domain.
     *
     * NOTE: These parameters cannot be changed except through a xref:learn::upgrading-smart-contracts.adoc[smart
     * contract upgrade].
     */
    constructor(string memory name, string memory version) {
        _name = name.toShortStringWithFallback(_nameFallback);
        _version = version.toShortStringWithFallback(_versionFallback);
        _hashedName = keccak256(bytes(name));
        _hashedVersion = keccak256(bytes(version));

        _cachedChainId = block.chainid;
        _cachedDomainSeparator = _buildDomainSeparator();
        _cachedThis = address(this);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator for the current chain.
     */
    function _domainSeparatorV4() internal view returns (bytes32) {
        if (address(this) == _cachedThis && block.chainid == _cachedChainId) {
            return _cachedDomainSeparator;
        } else {
            return _buildDomainSeparator();
        }
    }

    function _buildDomainSeparator() private view returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encode(_TYPE_HASH, _hashedName, _hashedVersion, block.chainid, address(this)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Given an already https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-hashstruct[hashed struct], this
     * function returns the hash of the fully encoded EIP712 message for this domain.
     *
     * This hash can be used together with {ECDSA-recover} to obtain the signer of a message. For example:
     *
     * ```solidity
     * bytes32 digest = _hashTypedDataV4(keccak256(abi.encode(
     *     keccak256("Mail(address to,string contents)"),
     *     mailTo,
     *     keccak256(bytes(mailContents))
     * )));
     * address signer = ECDSA.recover(digest, signature);
     * ```
     */
    function _hashTypedDataV4(bytes32 structHash) internal view virtual returns (bytes32) {
        return ECDSA.toTypedDataHash(_domainSeparatorV4(), structHash);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {EIP-5267}.
     *
     * _Available since v4.9._
     */
    function eip712Domain()
        public
        view
        virtual
        override
        returns (
            bytes1 fields,
            string memory name,
            string memory version,
            uint256 chainId,
            address verifyingContract,
            bytes32 salt,
            uint256[] memory extensions
        )
    {
        return (
            hex"0f", // 01111
            _name.toStringWithFallback(_nameFallback),
            _version.toStringWithFallback(_versionFallback),
            block.chainid,
            address(this),
            bytes32(0),
            new uint256[](0)
        );
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/introspection/ERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC165} interface.
 *
 * Contracts that want to implement ERC165 should inherit from this contract and override {supportsInterface} to check
 * for the additional interface id that will be supported. For example:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
 *     return interfaceId == type(MyInterface).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Alternatively, {ERC165Storage} provides an easier to use but more expensive implementation.
 */
abstract contract ERC165 is IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC165).interfaceId;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (token/ERC20/ERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IERC20.sol";
import "./extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";
import "../../utils/Context.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC20} interface.
 *
 * This implementation is agnostic to the way tokens are created. This means
 * that a supply mechanism has to be added in a derived contract using {_mint}.
 * For a generic mechanism see {ERC20PresetMinterPauser}.
 *
 * TIP: For a detailed writeup see our guide
 * https://forum.openzeppelin.com/t/how-to-implement-erc20-supply-mechanisms/226[How
 * to implement supply mechanisms].
 *
 * The default value of {decimals} is 18. To change this, you should override
 * this function so it returns a different value.
 *
 * We have followed general OpenZeppelin Contracts guidelines: functions revert
 * instead returning `false` on failure. This behavior is nonetheless
 * conventional and does not conflict with the expectations of ERC20
 * applications.
 *
 * Additionally, an {Approval} event is emitted on calls to {transferFrom}.
 * This allows applications to reconstruct the allowance for all accounts just
 * by listening to said events. Other implementations of the EIP may not emit
 * these events, as it isn't required by the specification.
 *
 * Finally, the non-standard {decreaseAllowance} and {increaseAllowance}
 * functions have been added to mitigate the well-known issues around setting
 * allowances. See {IERC20-approve}.
 */
contract ERC20 is Context, IERC20, IERC20Metadata {
    mapping(address => uint256) private _balances;

    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private _allowances;

    uint256 private _totalSupply;

    string private _name;
    string private _symbol;

    /**
     * @dev Sets the values for {name} and {symbol}.
     *
     * All two of these values are immutable: they can only be set once during
     * construction.
     */
    constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) {
        _name = name_;
        _symbol = symbol_;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token, usually a shorter version of the
     * name.
     */
    function symbol() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of decimals used to get its user representation.
     * For example, if `decimals` equals `2`, a balance of `505` tokens should
     * be displayed to a user as `5.05` (`505 / 10 ** 2`).
     *
     * Tokens usually opt for a value of 18, imitating the relationship between
     * Ether and Wei. This is the default value returned by this function, unless
     * it's overridden.
     *
     * NOTE: This information is only used for _display_ purposes: it in
     * no way affects any of the arithmetic of the contract, including
     * {IERC20-balanceOf} and {IERC20-transfer}.
     */
    function decimals() public view virtual override returns (uint8) {
        return 18;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-totalSupply}.
     */
    function totalSupply() public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _totalSupply;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-balanceOf}.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _balances[account];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-transfer}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - the caller must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _transfer(owner, to, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-allowance}.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _allowances[owner][spender];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * NOTE: If `amount` is the maximum `uint256`, the allowance is not updated on
     * `transferFrom`. This is semantically equivalent to an infinite approval.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _approve(owner, spender, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-transferFrom}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance. This is not
     * required by the EIP. See the note at the beginning of {ERC20}.
     *
     * NOTE: Does not update the allowance if the current allowance
     * is the maximum `uint256`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` and `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `from` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     * - the caller must have allowance for ``from``'s tokens of at least
     * `amount`.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address spender = _msgSender();
        _spendAllowance(from, spender, amount);
        _transfer(from, to, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Atomically increases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
     *
     * This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for
     * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 addedValue) public virtual returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _approve(owner, spender, allowance(owner, spender) + addedValue);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Atomically decreases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
     *
     * This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for
     * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `spender` must have allowance for the caller of at least
     * `subtractedValue`.
     */
    function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue) public virtual returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        uint256 currentAllowance = allowance(owner, spender);
        require(currentAllowance >= subtractedValue, "ERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
        unchecked {
            _approve(owner, spender, currentAllowance - subtractedValue);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` of tokens from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * This internal function is equivalent to {transfer}, and can be used to
     * e.g. implement automatic token fees, slashing mechanisms, etc.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `from` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     */
    function _transfer(address from, address to, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(from != address(0), "ERC20: transfer from the zero address");
        require(to != address(0), "ERC20: transfer to the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(from, to, amount);

        uint256 fromBalance = _balances[from];
        require(fromBalance >= amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds balance");
        unchecked {
            _balances[from] = fromBalance - amount;
            // Overflow not possible: the sum of all balances is capped by totalSupply, and the sum is preserved by
            // decrementing then incrementing.
            _balances[to] += amount;
        }

        emit Transfer(from, to, amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(from, to, amount);
    }

    /** @dev Creates `amount` tokens and assigns them to `account`, increasing
     * the total supply.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event with `from` set to the zero address.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `account` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function _mint(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: mint to the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);

        _totalSupply += amount;
        unchecked {
            // Overflow not possible: balance + amount is at most totalSupply + amount, which is checked above.
            _balances[account] += amount;
        }
        emit Transfer(address(0), account, amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Destroys `amount` tokens from `account`, reducing the
     * total supply.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event with `to` set to the zero address.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `account` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `account` must have at least `amount` tokens.
     */
    function _burn(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: burn from the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);

        uint256 accountBalance = _balances[account];
        require(accountBalance >= amount, "ERC20: burn amount exceeds balance");
        unchecked {
            _balances[account] = accountBalance - amount;
            // Overflow not possible: amount <= accountBalance <= totalSupply.
            _totalSupply -= amount;
        }

        emit Transfer(account, address(0), amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the `owner` s tokens.
     *
     * This internal function is equivalent to `approve`, and can be used to
     * e.g. set automatic allowances for certain subsystems, etc.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `owner` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(owner != address(0), "ERC20: approve from the zero address");
        require(spender != address(0), "ERC20: approve to the zero address");

        _allowances[owner][spender] = amount;
        emit Approval(owner, spender, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Updates `owner` s allowance for `spender` based on spent `amount`.
     *
     * Does not update the allowance amount in case of infinite allowance.
     * Revert if not enough allowance is available.
     *
     * Might emit an {Approval} event.
     */
    function _spendAllowance(address owner, address spender, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        uint256 currentAllowance = allowance(owner, spender);
        if (currentAllowance != type(uint256).max) {
            require(currentAllowance >= amount, "ERC20: insufficient allowance");
            unchecked {
                _approve(owner, spender, currentAllowance - amount);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called before any transfer of tokens. This includes
     * minting and burning.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - when `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens
     * will be transferred to `to`.
     * - when `from` is zero, `amount` tokens will be minted for `to`.
     * - when `to` is zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens will be burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     *
     * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
     */
    function _beforeTokenTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 amount) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called after any transfer of tokens. This includes
     * minting and burning.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - when `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens
     * has been transferred to `to`.
     * - when `from` is zero, `amount` tokens have been minted for `to`.
     * - when `to` is zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens have been burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     *
     * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
     */
    function _afterTokenTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 amount) internal virtual {}
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.4) (token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20Permit.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IERC20Permit.sol";
import "../ERC20.sol";
import "../../../utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol";
import "../../../utils/cryptography/EIP712.sol";
import "../../../utils/Counters.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on `{IERC20-approve}`, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 *
 * _Available since v3.4._
 */
abstract contract ERC20Permit is ERC20, IERC20Permit, EIP712 {
    using Counters for Counters.Counter;

    mapping(address => Counters.Counter) private _nonces;

    // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
    bytes32 private constant _PERMIT_TYPEHASH =
        keccak256("Permit(address owner,address spender,uint256 value,uint256 nonce,uint256 deadline)");
    /**
     * @dev In previous versions `_PERMIT_TYPEHASH` was declared as `immutable`.
     * However, to ensure consistency with the upgradeable transpiler, we will continue
     * to reserve a slot.
     * @custom:oz-renamed-from _PERMIT_TYPEHASH
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
    bytes32 private _PERMIT_TYPEHASH_DEPRECATED_SLOT;

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the {EIP712} domain separator using the `name` parameter, and setting `version` to `"1"`.
     *
     * It's a good idea to use the same `name` that is defined as the ERC20 token name.
     */
    constructor(string memory name) EIP712(name, "1") {}

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IERC20Permit
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) public virtual override {
        require(block.timestamp <= deadline, "ERC20Permit: expired deadline");

        bytes32 structHash = keccak256(abi.encode(_PERMIT_TYPEHASH, owner, spender, value, _useNonce(owner), deadline));

        bytes32 hash = _hashTypedDataV4(structHash);

        address signer = ECDSA.recover(hash, v, r, s);
        require(signer == owner, "ERC20Permit: invalid signature");

        _approve(owner, spender, value);
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IERC20Permit
     */
    function nonces(address owner) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _nonces[owner].current();
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IERC20Permit
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view override returns (bytes32) {
        return _domainSeparatorV4();
    }

    /**
     * @dev "Consume a nonce": return the current value and increment.
     *
     * _Available since v4.1._
     */
    function _useNonce(address owner) internal virtual returns (uint256 current) {
        Counters.Counter storage nonce = _nonces[owner];
        current = nonce.current();
        nonce.increment();
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (token/ERC721/ERC721.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IERC721.sol";
import "./IERC721Receiver.sol";
import "./extensions/IERC721Metadata.sol";
import "../../utils/Address.sol";
import "../../utils/Context.sol";
import "../../utils/Strings.sol";
import "../../utils/introspection/ERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721[ERC721] Non-Fungible Token Standard, including
 * the Metadata extension, but not including the Enumerable extension, which is available separately as
 * {ERC721Enumerable}.
 */
contract ERC721 is Context, ERC165, IERC721, IERC721Metadata {
    using Address for address;
    using Strings for uint256;

    // Token name
    string private _name;

    // Token symbol
    string private _symbol;

    // Mapping from token ID to owner address
    mapping(uint256 => address) private _owners;

    // Mapping owner address to token count
    mapping(address => uint256) private _balances;

    // Mapping from token ID to approved address
    mapping(uint256 => address) private _tokenApprovals;

    // Mapping from owner to operator approvals
    mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) private _operatorApprovals;

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract by setting a `name` and a `symbol` to the token collection.
     */
    constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) {
        _name = name_;
        _symbol = symbol_;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(ERC165, IERC165) returns (bool) {
        return
            interfaceId == type(IERC721).interfaceId ||
            interfaceId == type(IERC721Metadata).interfaceId ||
            super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-balanceOf}.
     */
    function balanceOf(address owner) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        require(owner != address(0), "ERC721: address zero is not a valid owner");
        return _balances[owner];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-ownerOf}.
     */
    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (address) {
        address owner = _ownerOf(tokenId);
        require(owner != address(0), "ERC721: invalid token ID");
        return owner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Metadata-name}.
     */
    function name() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Metadata-symbol}.
     */
    function symbol() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Metadata-tokenURI}.
     */
    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        _requireMinted(tokenId);

        string memory baseURI = _baseURI();
        return bytes(baseURI).length > 0 ? string(abi.encodePacked(baseURI, tokenId.toString())) : "";
    }

    /**
     * @dev Base URI for computing {tokenURI}. If set, the resulting URI for each
     * token will be the concatenation of the `baseURI` and the `tokenId`. Empty
     * by default, can be overridden in child contracts.
     */
    function _baseURI() internal view virtual returns (string memory) {
        return "";
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-approve}.
     */
    function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) public virtual override {
        address owner = ERC721.ownerOf(tokenId);
        require(to != owner, "ERC721: approval to current owner");

        require(
            _msgSender() == owner || isApprovedForAll(owner, _msgSender()),
            "ERC721: approve caller is not token owner or approved for all"
        );

        _approve(to, tokenId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-getApproved}.
     */
    function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (address) {
        _requireMinted(tokenId);

        return _tokenApprovals[tokenId];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-setApprovalForAll}.
     */
    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) public virtual override {
        _setApprovalForAll(_msgSender(), operator, approved);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-isApprovedForAll}.
     */
    function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return _operatorApprovals[owner][operator];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-transferFrom}.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) public virtual override {
        //solhint-disable-next-line max-line-length
        require(_isApprovedOrOwner(_msgSender(), tokenId), "ERC721: caller is not token owner or approved");

        _transfer(from, to, tokenId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) public virtual override {
        safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, "");
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes memory data) public virtual override {
        require(_isApprovedOrOwner(_msgSender(), tokenId), "ERC721: caller is not token owner or approved");
        _safeTransfer(from, to, tokenId, data);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`, checking first that contract recipients
     * are aware of the ERC721 protocol to prevent tokens from being forever locked.
     *
     * `data` is additional data, it has no specified format and it is sent in call to `to`.
     *
     * This internal function is equivalent to {safeTransferFrom}, and can be used to e.g.
     * implement alternative mechanisms to perform token transfer, such as signature-based.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _safeTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes memory data) internal virtual {
        _transfer(from, to, tokenId);
        require(_checkOnERC721Received(from, to, tokenId, data), "ERC721: transfer to non ERC721Receiver implementer");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the owner of the `tokenId`. Does NOT revert if token doesn't exist
     */
    function _ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return _owners[tokenId];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether `tokenId` exists.
     *
     * Tokens can be managed by their owner or approved accounts via {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     *
     * Tokens start existing when they are minted (`_mint`),
     * and stop existing when they are burned (`_burn`).
     */
    function _exists(uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual returns (bool) {
        return _ownerOf(tokenId) != address(0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether `spender` is allowed to manage `tokenId`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function _isApprovedOrOwner(address spender, uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual returns (bool) {
        address owner = ERC721.ownerOf(tokenId);
        return (spender == owner || isApprovedForAll(owner, spender) || getApproved(tokenId) == spender);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Safely mints `tokenId` and transfers it to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must not exist.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _safeMint(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
        _safeMint(to, tokenId, "");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-ERC721-_safeMint-address-uint256-}[`_safeMint`], with an additional `data` parameter which is
     * forwarded in {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} to contract recipients.
     */
    function _safeMint(address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes memory data) internal virtual {
        _mint(to, tokenId);
        require(
            _checkOnERC721Received(address(0), to, tokenId, data),
            "ERC721: transfer to non ERC721Receiver implementer"
        );
    }

    /**
     * @dev Mints `tokenId` and transfers it to `to`.
     *
     * WARNING: Usage of this method is discouraged, use {_safeMint} whenever possible
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must not exist.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _mint(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
        require(to != address(0), "ERC721: mint to the zero address");
        require(!_exists(tokenId), "ERC721: token already minted");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(address(0), to, tokenId, 1);

        // Check that tokenId was not minted by `_beforeTokenTransfer` hook
        require(!_exists(tokenId), "ERC721: token already minted");

        unchecked {
            // Will not overflow unless all 2**256 token ids are minted to the same owner.
            // Given that tokens are minted one by one, it is impossible in practice that
            // this ever happens. Might change if we allow batch minting.
            // The ERC fails to describe this case.
            _balances[to] += 1;
        }

        _owners[tokenId] = to;

        emit Transfer(address(0), to, tokenId);

        _afterTokenTransfer(address(0), to, tokenId, 1);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Destroys `tokenId`.
     * The approval is cleared when the token is burned.
     * This is an internal function that does not check if the sender is authorized to operate on the token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _burn(uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
        address owner = ERC721.ownerOf(tokenId);

        _beforeTokenTransfer(owner, address(0), tokenId, 1);

        // Update ownership in case tokenId was transferred by `_beforeTokenTransfer` hook
        owner = ERC721.ownerOf(tokenId);

        // Clear approvals
        delete _tokenApprovals[tokenId];

        unchecked {
            // Cannot overflow, as that would require more tokens to be burned/transferred
            // out than the owner initially received through minting and transferring in.
            _balances[owner] -= 1;
        }
        delete _owners[tokenId];

        emit Transfer(owner, address(0), tokenId);

        _afterTokenTransfer(owner, address(0), tokenId, 1);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `tokenId` from `from` to `to`.
     *  As opposed to {transferFrom}, this imposes no restrictions on msg.sender.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must be owned by `from`.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function _transfer(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
        require(ERC721.ownerOf(tokenId) == from, "ERC721: transfer from incorrect owner");
        require(to != address(0), "ERC721: transfer to the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(from, to, tokenId, 1);

        // Check that tokenId was not transferred by `_beforeTokenTransfer` hook
        require(ERC721.ownerOf(tokenId) == from, "ERC721: transfer from incorrect owner");

        // Clear approvals from the previous owner
        delete _tokenApprovals[tokenId];

        unchecked {
            // `_balances[from]` cannot overflow for the same reason as described in `_burn`:
            // `from`'s balance is the number of token held, which is at least one before the current
            // transfer.
            // `_balances[to]` could overflow in the conditions described in `_mint`. That would require
            // all 2**256 token ids to be minted, which in practice is impossible.
            _balances[from] -= 1;
            _balances[to] += 1;
        }
        _owners[tokenId] = to;

        emit Transfer(from, to, tokenId);

        _afterTokenTransfer(from, to, tokenId, 1);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Approve `to` to operate on `tokenId`
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function _approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
        _tokenApprovals[tokenId] = to;
        emit Approval(ERC721.ownerOf(tokenId), to, tokenId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Approve `operator` to operate on all of `owner` tokens
     *
     * Emits an {ApprovalForAll} event.
     */
    function _setApprovalForAll(address owner, address operator, bool approved) internal virtual {
        require(owner != operator, "ERC721: approve to caller");
        _operatorApprovals[owner][operator] = approved;
        emit ApprovalForAll(owner, operator, approved);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts if the `tokenId` has not been minted yet.
     */
    function _requireMinted(uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual {
        require(_exists(tokenId), "ERC721: invalid token ID");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal function to invoke {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} on a target address.
     * The call is not executed if the target address is not a contract.
     *
     * @param from address representing the previous owner of the given token ID
     * @param to target address that will receive the tokens
     * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
     * @param data bytes optional data to send along with the call
     * @return bool whether the call correctly returned the expected magic value
     */
    function _checkOnERC721Received(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes memory data
    ) private returns (bool) {
        if (to.isContract()) {
            try IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(_msgSender(), from, tokenId, data) returns (bytes4 retval) {
                return retval == IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector;
            } catch (bytes memory reason) {
                if (reason.length == 0) {
                    revert("ERC721: transfer to non ERC721Receiver implementer");
                } else {
                    /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
                    assembly {
                        revert(add(32, reason), mload(reason))
                    }
                }
            }
        } else {
            return true;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called before any token transfer. This includes minting and burning. If {ERC721Consecutive} is
     * used, the hook may be called as part of a consecutive (batch) mint, as indicated by `batchSize` greater than 1.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - When `from` and `to` are both non-zero, ``from``'s tokens will be transferred to `to`.
     * - When `from` is zero, the tokens will be minted for `to`.
     * - When `to` is zero, ``from``'s tokens will be burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     * - `batchSize` is non-zero.
     *
     * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
     */
    function _beforeTokenTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 firstTokenId, uint256 batchSize) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called after any token transfer. This includes minting and burning. If {ERC721Consecutive} is
     * used, the hook may be called as part of a consecutive (batch) mint, as indicated by `batchSize` greater than 1.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - When `from` and `to` are both non-zero, ``from``'s tokens were transferred to `to`.
     * - When `from` is zero, the tokens were minted for `to`.
     * - When `to` is zero, ``from``'s tokens were burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     * - `batchSize` is non-zero.
     *
     * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
     */
    function _afterTokenTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 firstTokenId, uint256 batchSize) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev Unsafe write access to the balances, used by extensions that "mint" tokens using an {ownerOf} override.
     *
     * WARNING: Anyone calling this MUST ensure that the balances remain consistent with the ownership. The invariant
     * being that for any address `a` the value returned by `balanceOf(a)` must be equal to the number of tokens such
     * that `ownerOf(tokenId)` is `a`.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function __unsafe_increaseBalance(address account, uint256 amount) internal {
        _balances[account] += amount;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (token/ERC721/extensions/ERC721Enumerable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../ERC721.sol";
import "./IERC721Enumerable.sol";

/**
 * @dev This implements an optional extension of {ERC721} defined in the EIP that adds
 * enumerability of all the token ids in the contract as well as all token ids owned by each
 * account.
 */
abstract contract ERC721Enumerable is ERC721, IERC721Enumerable {
    // Mapping from owner to list of owned token IDs
    mapping(address => mapping(uint256 => uint256)) private _ownedTokens;

    // Mapping from token ID to index of the owner tokens list
    mapping(uint256 => uint256) private _ownedTokensIndex;

    // Array with all token ids, used for enumeration
    uint256[] private _allTokens;

    // Mapping from token id to position in the allTokens array
    mapping(uint256 => uint256) private _allTokensIndex;

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(IERC165, ERC721) returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC721Enumerable).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Enumerable-tokenOfOwnerByIndex}.
     */
    function tokenOfOwnerByIndex(address owner, uint256 index) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        require(index < ERC721.balanceOf(owner), "ERC721Enumerable: owner index out of bounds");
        return _ownedTokens[owner][index];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Enumerable-totalSupply}.
     */
    function totalSupply() public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _allTokens.length;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Enumerable-tokenByIndex}.
     */
    function tokenByIndex(uint256 index) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        require(index < ERC721Enumerable.totalSupply(), "ERC721Enumerable: global index out of bounds");
        return _allTokens[index];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {ERC721-_beforeTokenTransfer}.
     */
    function _beforeTokenTransfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 firstTokenId,
        uint256 batchSize
    ) internal virtual override {
        super._beforeTokenTransfer(from, to, firstTokenId, batchSize);

        if (batchSize > 1) {
            // Will only trigger during construction. Batch transferring (minting) is not available afterwards.
            revert("ERC721Enumerable: consecutive transfers not supported");
        }

        uint256 tokenId = firstTokenId;

        if (from == address(0)) {
            _addTokenToAllTokensEnumeration(tokenId);
        } else if (from != to) {
            _removeTokenFromOwnerEnumeration(from, tokenId);
        }
        if (to == address(0)) {
            _removeTokenFromAllTokensEnumeration(tokenId);
        } else if (to != from) {
            _addTokenToOwnerEnumeration(to, tokenId);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Private function to add a token to this extension's ownership-tracking data structures.
     * @param to address representing the new owner of the given token ID
     * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be added to the tokens list of the given address
     */
    function _addTokenToOwnerEnumeration(address to, uint256 tokenId) private {
        uint256 length = ERC721.balanceOf(to);
        _ownedTokens[to][length] = tokenId;
        _ownedTokensIndex[tokenId] = length;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Private function to add a token to this extension's token tracking data structures.
     * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be added to the tokens list
     */
    function _addTokenToAllTokensEnumeration(uint256 tokenId) private {
        _allTokensIndex[tokenId] = _allTokens.length;
        _allTokens.push(tokenId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Private function to remove a token from this extension's ownership-tracking data structures. Note that
     * while the token is not assigned a new owner, the `_ownedTokensIndex` mapping is _not_ updated: this allows for
     * gas optimizations e.g. when performing a transfer operation (avoiding double writes).
     * This has O(1) time complexity, but alters the order of the _ownedTokens array.
     * @param from address representing the previous owner of the given token ID
     * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be removed from the tokens list of the given address
     */
    function _removeTokenFromOwnerEnumeration(address from, uint256 tokenId) private {
        // To prevent a gap in from's tokens array, we store the last token in the index of the token to delete, and
        // then delete the last slot (swap and pop).

        uint256 lastTokenIndex = ERC721.balanceOf(from) - 1;
        uint256 tokenIndex = _ownedTokensIndex[tokenId];

        // When the token to delete is the last token, the swap operation is unnecessary
        if (tokenIndex != lastTokenIndex) {
            uint256 lastTokenId = _ownedTokens[from][lastTokenIndex];

            _ownedTokens[from][tokenIndex] = lastTokenId; // Move the last token to the slot of the to-delete token
            _ownedTokensIndex[lastTokenId] = tokenIndex; // Update the moved token's index
        }

        // This also deletes the contents at the last position of the array
        delete _ownedTokensIndex[tokenId];
        delete _ownedTokens[from][lastTokenIndex];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Private function to remove a token from this extension's token tracking data structures.
     * This has O(1) time complexity, but alters the order of the _allTokens array.
     * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be removed from the tokens list
     */
    function _removeTokenFromAllTokensEnumeration(uint256 tokenId) private {
        // To prevent a gap in the tokens array, we store the last token in the index of the token to delete, and
        // then delete the last slot (swap and pop).

        uint256 lastTokenIndex = _allTokens.length - 1;
        uint256 tokenIndex = _allTokensIndex[tokenId];

        // When the token to delete is the last token, the swap operation is unnecessary. However, since this occurs so
        // rarely (when the last minted token is burnt) that we still do the swap here to avoid the gas cost of adding
        // an 'if' statement (like in _removeTokenFromOwnerEnumeration)
        uint256 lastTokenId = _allTokens[lastTokenIndex];

        _allTokens[tokenIndex] = lastTokenId; // Move the last token to the slot of the to-delete token
        _allTokensIndex[lastTokenId] = tokenIndex; // Update the moved token's index

        // This also deletes the contents at the last position of the array
        delete _allTokensIndex[tokenId];
        _allTokens.pop();
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity 0.8.22;

// External
import {ERC721} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/ERC721.sol";
import {Ownable} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";

// Tapioca
import {INFTLoader} from "../interfaces/INFTLoader.sol";

/*

████████╗ █████╗ ██████╗ ██╗ ██████╗  ██████╗ █████╗ 
╚══██╔══╝██╔══██╗██╔══██╗██║██╔═══██╗██╔════╝██╔══██╗
   ██║   ███████║██████╔╝██║██║   ██║██║     ███████║
   ██║   ██╔══██║██╔═══╝ ██║██║   ██║██║     ██╔══██║
   ██║   ██║  ██║██║     ██║╚██████╔╝╚██████╗██║  ██║
   ╚═╝   ╚═╝  ╚═╝╚═╝     ╚═╝ ╚═════╝  ╚═════╝╚═╝  ╚═╝
   
*/

/// @title ERC721 NFT Loader
/// @notice An ERC721 token that can load NFT URIs from an NFT loader contract. This helps update image URIs for NFTs.
contract ERC721NftLoader is ERC721, Ownable {
    INFTLoader public nftLoader; // NFT URI loader contract

    string public baseURI;

    constructor(string memory _name, string memory _symbol, address _owner) ERC721(_name, _symbol) {
        _transferOwnership(_owner);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the token URI for a given token ID. If the NFT loader contract is not set, it returns an empty string.
     * @inheritdoc ERC721
     */
    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        // If baseURI is set, use it. Otherwise, use the NFT loader contract.
        if (bytes(baseURI).length > 0) {
            return super.tokenURI(tokenId);
        } else {
            if (address(nftLoader) == address(0)) {
                return "";
            }
            return INFTLoader(nftLoader).tokenURI(tokenId);
        }
    }

    function _baseURI() internal view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return baseURI;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Set the base URI
     */
    function setBaseURI(string memory __baseURI) external onlyOwner {
        baseURI = __baseURI;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Set the NFT loader contract
     */
    function setNftLoader(address _nftLoader) external onlyOwner {
        nftLoader = INFTLoader(_nftLoader);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/cryptography/EIP712.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/ERC721.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Counters.sol";

/**
 * Modification of the OpenZeppelin ERC20Permit contract to support ERC721 tokens.
 * OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/draft-ERC20Permit.sol).
 *
 * @dev Implementation of the ERC-4494 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4494[EIP-4494].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC721 allowance (see {IERC721-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on `{IERC721-approve}`, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 */
abstract contract ERC721Permit is ERC721, EIP712 {
    using Counters for Counters.Counter;

    mapping(uint256 => Counters.Counter) private _nonces;

    // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
    bytes32 private constant _PERMIT_TYPEHASH =
        keccak256("Permit(address spender,uint256 tokenId,uint256 nonce,uint256 deadline)");
    /**
     * @dev In previous versions `_PERMIT_TYPEHASH` was declared as `immutable`.
     * However, to ensure consistency with the upgradeable transpiler, we will continue
     * to reserve a slot.
     * @custom:oz-renamed-from _PERMIT_TYPEHASH
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
    bytes32 private _PERMIT_TYPEHASH_DEPRECATED_SLOT;

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the {EIP712} domain separator using the `name` parameter, and setting `version` to `"1"`.
     *
     * It's a good idea to use the same `name` that is defined as the ERC721 token name.
     */
    constructor(string memory name) EIP712(name, "1") {}

    function permit(address spender, uint256 tokenId, uint256 deadline, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) public virtual {
        require(block.timestamp <= deadline, "ERC721Permit: expired deadline");

        address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);
        bytes32 structHash = keccak256(abi.encode(_PERMIT_TYPEHASH, spender, tokenId, _useNonce(tokenId), deadline));

        bytes32 hash = _hashTypedDataV4(structHash);

        address signer = ECDSA.recover(hash, v, r, s);
        require(signer == owner, "ERC721Permit: invalid signature");

        _approve(spender, tokenId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20Permit-nonces}.
     */
    function nonces(uint256 _tokenId) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _nonces[_tokenId].current();
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20Permit-DOMAIN_SEPARATOR}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32) {
        return _domainSeparatorV4();
    }

    /**
     * @dev "Consume a nonce": return the current value and increment.
     *
     */
    function _useNonce(uint256 _tokenId) internal virtual returns (uint256 current) {
        Counters.Counter storage nonce = _nonces[_tokenId];
        current = nonce.current();
        nonce.increment();
    }

    function _afterTokenTransfer(address from, address to, uint256 firstTokenId, uint256 batchSize)
        internal
        virtual
        override
    {
        _useNonce(firstTokenId);
        super._afterTokenTransfer(from, to, firstTokenId, batchSize);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: LZBL-1.2

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import { CalldataBytesLib } from "../../libs/CalldataBytesLib.sol";

library ExecutorOptions {
    using CalldataBytesLib for bytes;

    uint8 internal constant WORKER_ID = 1;

    uint8 internal constant OPTION_TYPE_LZRECEIVE = 1;
    uint8 internal constant OPTION_TYPE_NATIVE_DROP = 2;
    uint8 internal constant OPTION_TYPE_LZCOMPOSE = 3;
    uint8 internal constant OPTION_TYPE_ORDERED_EXECUTION = 4;

    error Executor_InvalidLzReceiveOption();
    error Executor_InvalidNativeDropOption();
    error Executor_InvalidLzComposeOption();

    /// @dev decode the next executor option from the options starting from the specified cursor
    /// @param _options [executor_id][executor_option][executor_id][executor_option]...
    ///        executor_option = [option_size][option_type][option]
    ///        option_size = len(option_type) + len(option)
    ///        executor_id: uint8, option_size: uint16, option_type: uint8, option: bytes
    /// @param _cursor the cursor to start decoding from
    /// @return optionType the type of the option
    /// @return option the option of the executor
    /// @return cursor the cursor to start decoding the next executor option
    function nextExecutorOption(
        bytes calldata _options,
        uint256 _cursor
    ) internal pure returns (uint8 optionType, bytes calldata option, uint256 cursor) {
        unchecked {
            // skip worker id
            cursor = _cursor + 1;

            // read option size
            uint16 size = _options.toU16(cursor);
            cursor += 2;

            // read option type
            optionType = _options.toU8(cursor);

            // startCursor and endCursor are used to slice the option from _options
            uint256 startCursor = cursor + 1; // skip option type
            uint256 endCursor = cursor + size;
            option = _options[startCursor:endCursor];
            cursor += size;
        }
    }

    function decodeLzReceiveOption(bytes calldata _option) internal pure returns (uint128 gas, uint128 value) {
        if (_option.length != 16 && _option.length != 32) revert Executor_InvalidLzReceiveOption();
        gas = _option.toU128(0);
        value = _option.length == 32 ? _option.toU128(16) : 0;
    }

    function decodeNativeDropOption(bytes calldata _option) internal pure returns (uint128 amount, bytes32 receiver) {
        if (_option.length != 48) revert Executor_InvalidNativeDropOption();
        amount = _option.toU128(0);
        receiver = _option.toB32(16);
    }

    function decodeLzComposeOption(
        bytes calldata _option
    ) internal pure returns (uint16 index, uint128 gas, uint128 value) {
        if (_option.length != 18 && _option.length != 34) revert Executor_InvalidLzComposeOption();
        index = _option.toU16(0);
        gas = _option.toU128(2);
        value = _option.length == 34 ? _option.toU128(18) : 0;
    }

    function encodeLzReceiveOption(uint128 _gas, uint128 _value) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        return _value == 0 ? abi.encodePacked(_gas) : abi.encodePacked(_gas, _value);
    }

    function encodeNativeDropOption(uint128 _amount, bytes32 _receiver) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        return abi.encodePacked(_amount, _receiver);
    }

    function encodeLzComposeOption(uint16 _index, uint128 _gas, uint128 _value) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        return _value == 0 ? abi.encodePacked(_index, _gas) : abi.encodePacked(_index, _gas, _value);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity 0.8.22;

/*

████████╗ █████╗ ██████╗ ██╗ ██████╗  ██████╗ █████╗ 
╚══██╔══╝██╔══██╗██╔══██╗██║██╔═══██╗██╔════╝██╔══██╗
   ██║   ███████║██████╔╝██║██║   ██║██║     ███████║
   ██║   ██╔══██║██╔═══╝ ██║██║   ██║██║     ██╔══██║
   ██║   ██║  ██║██║     ██║╚██████╔╝╚██████╗██║  ██║
   ╚═╝   ╚═╝  ╚═╝╚═╝     ╚═╝ ╚═════╝  ╚═════╝╚═╝  ╚═╝
   
*/

interface ICluster {
    function isWhitelisted(uint32 lzChainId, address _addr) external view returns (bool);

    function updateContract(uint32 lzChainId, address _addr, bool _status) external;

    function batchUpdateContracts(uint32 _lzChainId, address[] memory _addresses, bool _status) external;

    function lzChainId() external view returns (uint32);

    function hasRole(address _contract, bytes32 _role) external view returns (bool);

    function setRoleForContract(address _contract, bytes32 _role, bool _hasRole) external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity 0.8.22;

/*

████████╗ █████╗ ██████╗ ██╗ ██████╗  ██████╗ █████╗ 
╚══██╔══╝██╔══██╗██╔══██╗██║██╔═══██╗██╔════╝██╔══██╗
   ██║   ███████║██████╔╝██║██║   ██║██║     ███████║
   ██║   ██╔══██║██╔═══╝ ██║██║   ██║██║     ██╔══██║
   ██║   ██║  ██║██║     ██║╚██████╔╝╚██████╗██║  ██║
   ╚═╝   ╚═╝  ╚═╝╚═╝     ╚═╝ ╚═════╝  ╚═════╝╚═╝  ╚═╝
   
*/

struct ICommonExternalContracts {
    address magnetar;
    address singularity;
    address bigBang;
    address marketHelper;
}

struct IDepositData {
    bool deposit;
    uint256 amount;
}

interface ICommonData {}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/introspection/IERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC165 standard, as defined in the
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165[EIP].
 *
 * Implementers can declare support of contract interfaces, which can then be
 * queried by others ({ERC165Checker}).
 *
 * For an implementation, see {ERC165}.
 */
interface IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified[EIP section]
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30 000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `from` to `to` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC20 standard.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
interface IERC20Metadata is IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token.
     */
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.4) (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Permit.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 *
 * ==== Security Considerations
 *
 * There are two important considerations concerning the use of `permit`. The first is that a valid permit signature
 * expresses an allowance, and it should not be assumed to convey additional meaning. In particular, it should not be
 * considered as an intention to spend the allowance in any specific way. The second is that because permits have
 * built-in replay protection and can be submitted by anyone, they can be frontrun. A protocol that uses permits should
 * take this into consideration and allow a `permit` call to fail. Combining these two aspects, a pattern that may be
 * generally recommended is:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function doThingWithPermit(..., uint256 value, uint256 deadline, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) public {
 *     try token.permit(msg.sender, address(this), value, deadline, v, r, s) {} catch {}
 *     doThing(..., value);
 * }
 *
 * function doThing(..., uint256 value) public {
 *     token.safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), value);
 *     ...
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Observe that: 1) `msg.sender` is used as the owner, leaving no ambiguity as to the signer intent, and 2) the use of
 * `try/catch` allows the permit to fail and makes the code tolerant to frontrunning. (See also
 * {SafeERC20-safeTransferFrom}).
 *
 * Additionally, note that smart contract wallets (such as Argent or Safe) are not able to produce permit signatures, so
 * contracts should have entry points that don't rely on permit.
 */
interface IERC20Permit {
    /**
     * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens,
     * given ``owner``'s signed approval.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction
     * ordering also apply here.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
     * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner`
     * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments.
     * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}).
     *
     * For more information on the signature format, see the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP
     * section].
     *
     * CAUTION: See Security Considerations above.
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be
     * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}.
     *
     * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This
     * prevents a signature from being used multiple times.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (interfaces/IERC5267.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

interface IERC5267 {
    /**
     * @dev MAY be emitted to signal that the domain could have changed.
     */
    event EIP712DomainChanged();

    /**
     * @dev returns the fields and values that describe the domain separator used by this contract for EIP-712
     * signature.
     */
    function eip712Domain()
        external
        view
        returns (
            bytes1 fields,
            string memory name,
            string memory version,
            uint256 chainId,
            address verifyingContract,
            bytes32 salt,
            uint256[] memory extensions
        );
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (token/ERC721/IERC721.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../../utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Required interface of an ERC721 compliant contract.
 */
interface IERC721 is IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `tokenId` token is transferred from `from` to `to`.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 indexed tokenId);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `owner` enables `approved` to manage the `tokenId` token.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed approved, uint256 indexed tokenId);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `owner` enables or disables (`approved`) `operator` to manage all of its assets.
     */
    event ApprovalForAll(address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of tokens in ``owner``'s account.
     */
    function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256 balance);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the owner of the `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address owner);

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be approved to move this token by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes calldata data) external;

    /**
     * @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`, checking first that contract recipients
     * are aware of the ERC721 protocol to prevent tokens from being forever locked.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must have been allowed to move this token by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) external;

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * WARNING: Note that the caller is responsible to confirm that the recipient is capable of receiving ERC721
     * or else they may be permanently lost. Usage of {safeTransferFrom} prevents loss, though the caller must
     * understand this adds an external call which potentially creates a reentrancy vulnerability.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `tokenId` token must be owned by `from`.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must be approved to move this token by either {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) external;

    /**
     * @dev Gives permission to `to` to transfer `tokenId` token to another account.
     * The approval is cleared when the token is transferred.
     *
     * Only a single account can be approved at a time, so approving the zero address clears previous approvals.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The caller must own the token or be an approved operator.
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) external;

    /**
     * @dev Approve or remove `operator` as an operator for the caller.
     * Operators can call {transferFrom} or {safeTransferFrom} for any token owned by the caller.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The `operator` cannot be the caller.
     *
     * Emits an {ApprovalForAll} event.
     */
    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the account approved for `tokenId` token.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `tokenId` must exist.
     */
    function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address operator);

    /**
     * @dev Returns if the `operator` is allowed to manage all of the assets of `owner`.
     *
     * See {setApprovalForAll}
     */
    function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.5.0) (token/ERC721/extensions/IERC721Enumerable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC721.sol";

/**
 * @title ERC-721 Non-Fungible Token Standard, optional enumeration extension
 * @dev See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721
 */
interface IERC721Enumerable is IERC721 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the total amount of tokens stored by the contract.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns a token ID owned by `owner` at a given `index` of its token list.
     * Use along with {balanceOf} to enumerate all of ``owner``'s tokens.
     */
    function tokenOfOwnerByIndex(address owner, uint256 index) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns a token ID at a given `index` of all the tokens stored by the contract.
     * Use along with {totalSupply} to enumerate all tokens.
     */
    function tokenByIndex(uint256 index) external view returns (uint256);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC721/extensions/IERC721Metadata.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC721.sol";

/**
 * @title ERC-721 Non-Fungible Token Standard, optional metadata extension
 * @dev See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721
 */
interface IERC721Metadata is IERC721 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the token collection name.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the token collection symbol.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) for `tokenId` token.
     */
    function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (string memory);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.6.0) (token/ERC721/IERC721Receiver.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @title ERC721 token receiver interface
 * @dev Interface for any contract that wants to support safeTransfers
 * from ERC721 asset contracts.
 */
interface IERC721Receiver {
    /**
     * @dev Whenever an {IERC721} `tokenId` token is transferred to this contract via {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}
     * by `operator` from `from`, this function is called.
     *
     * It must return its Solidity selector to confirm the token transfer.
     * If any other value is returned or the interface is not implemented by the recipient, the transfer will be reverted.
     *
     * The selector can be obtained in Solidity with `IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector`.
     */
    function onERC721Received(
        address operator,
        address from,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes4);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity >=0.8.0;

/**
 * @title ILayerZeroComposer
 */
interface ILayerZeroComposer {
    /**
     * @notice Composes a LayerZero message from an OApp.
     * @param _from The address initiating the composition, typically the OApp where the lzReceive was called.
     * @param _guid The unique identifier for the corresponding LayerZero src/dst tx.
     * @param _message The composed message payload in bytes. NOT necessarily the same payload passed via lzReceive.
     * @param _executor The address of the executor for the composed message.
     * @param _extraData Additional arbitrary data in bytes passed by the entity who executes the lzCompose.
     */
    function lzCompose(
        address _from,
        bytes32 _guid,
        bytes calldata _message,
        address _executor,
        bytes calldata _extraData
    ) external payable;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity >=0.8.0;

import { IMessageLibManager } from "./IMessageLibManager.sol";
import { IMessagingComposer } from "./IMessagingComposer.sol";
import { IMessagingChannel } from "./IMessagingChannel.sol";
import { IMessagingContext } from "./IMessagingContext.sol";

struct MessagingParams {
    uint32 dstEid;
    bytes32 receiver;
    bytes message;
    bytes options;
    bool payInLzToken;
}

struct MessagingReceipt {
    bytes32 guid;
    uint64 nonce;
    MessagingFee fee;
}

struct MessagingFee {
    uint256 nativeFee;
    uint256 lzTokenFee;
}

struct Origin {
    uint32 srcEid;
    bytes32 sender;
    uint64 nonce;
}

interface ILayerZeroEndpointV2 is IMessageLibManager, IMessagingComposer, IMessagingChannel, IMessagingContext {
    event PacketSent(bytes encodedPayload, bytes options, address sendLibrary);

    event PacketVerified(Origin origin, address receiver, bytes32 payloadHash);

    event PacketDelivered(Origin origin, address receiver);

    event LzReceiveAlert(
        address indexed receiver,
        address indexed executor,
        Origin origin,
        bytes32 guid,
        uint256 gas,
        uint256 value,
        bytes message,
        bytes extraData,
        bytes reason
    );

    event LzTokenSet(address token);

    event DelegateSet(address sender, address delegate);

    function quote(MessagingParams calldata _params, address _sender) external view returns (MessagingFee memory);

    function send(
        MessagingParams calldata _params,
        address _refundAddress
    ) external payable returns (MessagingReceipt memory);

    function verify(Origin calldata _origin, address _receiver, bytes32 _payloadHash) external;

    function verifiable(Origin calldata _origin, address _receiver) external view returns (bool);

    function initializable(Origin calldata _origin, address _receiver) external view returns (bool);

    function lzReceive(
        Origin calldata _origin,
        address _receiver,
        bytes32 _guid,
        bytes calldata _message,
        bytes calldata _extraData
    ) external payable;

    // oapp can burn messages partially by calling this function with its own business logic if messages are verified in order
    function clear(address _oapp, Origin calldata _origin, bytes32 _guid, bytes calldata _message) external;

    function setLzToken(address _lzToken) external;

    function lzToken() external view returns (address);

    function nativeToken() external view returns (address);

    function setDelegate(address _delegate) external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity >=0.8.0;

import { Origin } from "./ILayerZeroEndpointV2.sol";

interface ILayerZeroReceiver {
    function allowInitializePath(Origin calldata _origin) external view returns (bool);

    function nextNonce(uint32 _eid, bytes32 _sender) external view returns (uint64);

    function lzReceive(
        Origin calldata _origin,
        bytes32 _guid,
        bytes calldata _message,
        address _executor,
        bytes calldata _extraData
    ) external payable;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity 0.8.22;

// Tapioca
import {IOptionsLockData} from "../tap-token/ITapiocaOptionLiquidityProvision.sol";
import {ICommonExternalContracts, IDepositData} from "../common/ICommonData.sol";
import {IOptionsParticipateData} from "../tap-token/ITapiocaOptionBroker.sol";
import {LZSendParam} from "../periph/ITapiocaOmnichainEngine.sol";
import {IRemoveAndRepay, IMintData} from "../oft/IUsdo.sol";

/*

████████╗ █████╗ ██████╗ ██╗ ██████╗  ██████╗ █████╗ 
╚══██╔══╝██╔══██╗██╔══██╗██║██╔═══██╗██╔════╝██╔══██╗
   ██║   ███████║██████╔╝██║██║   ██║██║     ███████║
   ██║   ██╔══██║██╔═══╝ ██║██║   ██║██║     ██╔══██║
   ██║   ██║  ██║██║     ██║╚██████╔╝╚██████╗██║  ██║
   ╚═╝   ╚═╝  ╚═╝╚═╝     ╚═╝ ╚═════╝  ╚═════╝╚═╝  ╚═╝
   
*/

struct MagnetarWithdrawData {
    address yieldBox;
    uint256 assetId;
    address receiver;
    uint256 amount;
    bool unwrap;
    bool withdraw;
    bool extractFromSender;
}

/**
 * @dev MagnetarYieldBoxModule `depositAsset` calldata
 */
struct YieldBoxDepositData {
    address yieldBox;
    uint256 assetId;
    address from;
    address to;
    uint256 amount;
    uint256 share;
}

/**
 * @dev `exitPositionAndRemoveCollateral` calldata
 */
struct ExitPositionAndRemoveCollateralData {
    address user;
    ICommonExternalContracts externalData;
    IRemoveAndRepay removeAndRepayData;
}

/**
 * @dev `depositRepayAndRemoveCollateralFromMarket` calldata
 */
struct DepositRepayAndRemoveCollateralFromMarketData {
    address market;
    address marketHelper;
    address user;
    uint256 depositAmount;
    uint256 repayAmount;
    uint256 collateralAmount;
    MagnetarWithdrawData withdrawCollateralParams;
}

/**
 * @dev `depositAddCollateralAndBorrowFromMarket` calldata
 */
struct DepositAddCollateralAndBorrowFromMarketData {
    address market;
    address marketHelper;
    address user;
    uint256 collateralAmount;
    uint256 borrowAmount;
    bool deposit;
    MagnetarWithdrawData withdrawParams;
}

/**
 * @dev `mintBBLendSGLLockTOLP` calldata
 */
struct MintFromBBAndLendOnSGLData {
    address user;
    uint256 lendAmount;
    IMintData mintData;
    IDepositData depositData;
    IOptionsLockData lockData;
    IOptionsParticipateData participateData;
    ICommonExternalContracts externalContracts;
}

struct LockAndParticipateData {
    address user;
    address singularity;
    address magnetar;
    IOptionsLockData lockData;
    IOptionsParticipateData participateData;
    uint256 value;
}

struct MagnetarCall {
    uint8 id;
    address target;
    uint256 value;
    bytes call;
}

enum MagnetarAction {
    // Simple operations
    Permit, // 0 Permit singular operations.
    Wrap, // 1 Wrap/unwrap singular operations.
    Market, // 2 Market singular operations.
    TapLock, // 3 TapLock singular operations.
    TapUnlock, // 4 TapLock singular operations.
    OFT, // 5 LZ OFT singular operations.
    ExerciseOption, // 6 tOB singular operation
    // Complex operations
    CollateralModule, // 7 Collateral Singular related operations.
    MintModule, // 8 BigBang Singular related operations.
    OptionModule, // 9 Market Module related operations.
    YieldBoxModule // 10 YieldBox module related operations.

}

enum MagnetarModule {
    CollateralModule,
    MintModule,
    OptionModule,
    YieldBoxModule
}

interface IMagnetar {
    function burst(MagnetarCall[] calldata calls) external payable;
    function cluster() external view returns (address);
    function helper() external view returns (address);
}

interface IMagnetarModuleExtender {
    function isValidActionId(uint8 actionId) external view returns (bool);
    function handleAction(MagnetarCall calldata call) external payable;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity >=0.8.0;

import { IERC165 } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";

import { SetConfigParam } from "./IMessageLibManager.sol";

enum MessageLibType {
    Send,
    Receive,
    SendAndReceive
}

interface IMessageLib is IERC165 {
    function setConfig(address _oapp, SetConfigParam[] calldata _config) external;

    function getConfig(uint32 _eid, address _oapp, uint32 _configType) external view returns (bytes memory config);

    function isSupportedEid(uint32 _eid) external view returns (bool);

    // message libs of same major version are compatible
    function version() external view returns (uint64 major, uint8 minor, uint8 endpointVersion);

    function messageLibType() external view returns (MessageLibType);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity >=0.8.0;

struct SetConfigParam {
    uint32 eid;
    uint32 configType;
    bytes config;
}

interface IMessageLibManager {
    struct Timeout {
        address lib;
        uint256 expiry;
    }

    event LibraryRegistered(address newLib);
    event DefaultSendLibrarySet(uint32 eid, address newLib);
    event DefaultReceiveLibrarySet(uint32 eid, address newLib);
    event DefaultReceiveLibraryTimeoutSet(uint32 eid, address oldLib, uint256 expiry);
    event SendLibrarySet(address sender, uint32 eid, address newLib);
    event ReceiveLibrarySet(address receiver, uint32 eid, address newLib);
    event ReceiveLibraryTimeoutSet(address receiver, uint32 eid, address oldLib, uint256 timeout);

    function registerLibrary(address _lib) external;

    function isRegisteredLibrary(address _lib) external view returns (bool);

    function getRegisteredLibraries() external view returns (address[] memory);

    function setDefaultSendLibrary(uint32 _eid, address _newLib) external;

    function defaultSendLibrary(uint32 _eid) external view returns (address);

    function setDefaultReceiveLibrary(uint32 _eid, address _newLib, uint256 _gracePeriod) external;

    function defaultReceiveLibrary(uint32 _eid) external view returns (address);

    function setDefaultReceiveLibraryTimeout(uint32 _eid, address _lib, uint256 _expiry) external;

    function defaultReceiveLibraryTimeout(uint32 _eid) external view returns (address lib, uint256 expiry);

    function isSupportedEid(uint32 _eid) external view returns (bool);

    function isValidReceiveLibrary(address _receiver, uint32 _eid, address _lib) external view returns (bool);

    /// ------------------- OApp interfaces -------------------
    function setSendLibrary(address _oapp, uint32 _eid, address _newLib) external;

    function getSendLibrary(address _sender, uint32 _eid) external view returns (address lib);

    function isDefaultSendLibrary(address _sender, uint32 _eid) external view returns (bool);

    function setReceiveLibrary(address _oapp, uint32 _eid, address _newLib, uint256 _gracePeriod) external;

    function getReceiveLibrary(address _receiver, uint32 _eid) external view returns (address lib, bool isDefault);

    function setReceiveLibraryTimeout(address _oapp, uint32 _eid, address _lib, uint256 _expiry) external;

    function receiveLibraryTimeout(address _receiver, uint32 _eid) external view returns (address lib, uint256 expiry);

    function setConfig(address _oapp, address _lib, SetConfigParam[] calldata _params) external;

    function getConfig(
        address _oapp,
        address _lib,
        uint32 _eid,
        uint32 _configType
    ) external view returns (bytes memory config);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity >=0.8.0;

interface IMessagingChannel {
    event InboundNonceSkipped(uint32 srcEid, bytes32 sender, address receiver, uint64 nonce);
    event PacketNilified(uint32 srcEid, bytes32 sender, address receiver, uint64 nonce, bytes32 payloadHash);
    event PacketBurnt(uint32 srcEid, bytes32 sender, address receiver, uint64 nonce, bytes32 payloadHash);

    function eid() external view returns (uint32);

    // this is an emergency function if a message cannot be verified for some reasons
    // required to provide _nextNonce to avoid race condition
    function skip(address _oapp, uint32 _srcEid, bytes32 _sender, uint64 _nonce) external;

    function nilify(address _oapp, uint32 _srcEid, bytes32 _sender, uint64 _nonce, bytes32 _payloadHash) external;

    function burn(address _oapp, uint32 _srcEid, bytes32 _sender, uint64 _nonce, bytes32 _payloadHash) external;

    function nextGuid(address _sender, uint32 _dstEid, bytes32 _receiver) external view returns (bytes32);

    function inboundNonce(address _receiver, uint32 _srcEid, bytes32 _sender) external view returns (uint64);

    function outboundNonce(address _sender, uint32 _dstEid, bytes32 _receiver) external view returns (uint64);

    function inboundPayloadHash(
        address _receiver,
        uint32 _srcEid,
        bytes32 _sender,
        uint64 _nonce
    ) external view returns (bytes32);

    function lazyInboundNonce(address _receiver, uint32 _srcEid, bytes32 _sender) external view returns (uint64);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity >=0.8.0;

interface IMessagingComposer {
    event ComposeSent(address from, address to, bytes32 guid, uint16 index, bytes message);
    event ComposeDelivered(address from, address to, bytes32 guid, uint16 index);
    event LzComposeAlert(
        address indexed from,
        address indexed to,
        address indexed executor,
        bytes32 guid,
        uint16 index,
        uint256 gas,
        uint256 value,
        bytes message,
        bytes extraData,
        bytes reason
    );

    function composeQueue(
        address _from,
        address _to,
        bytes32 _guid,
        uint16 _index
    ) external view returns (bytes32 messageHash);

    function sendCompose(address _to, bytes32 _guid, uint16 _index, bytes calldata _message) external;

    function lzCompose(
        address _from,
        address _to,
        bytes32 _guid,
        uint16 _index,
        bytes calldata _message,
        bytes calldata _extraData
    ) external payable;
}